Night Vision Wiki - User contributions [en]

File:Kakarikis under night vision.jpg

2025-06-29T12:21:34Z

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A: Don't let that stop you. If the text you write contains meaningful information, moderators or other users will be happy to properly format and correct your text. It is far more important to gather more information than it is to make it look neat.

'''Q: I have a picture I think is useful, what do I do with it?'''

A: In the visual editor, in the top bar, go to ''Insert'' → ''Images and media''. If you don't want to bother with adding the image to a page, or the page doesn't exist yet, you can find a link [[Special:Upload|''Upload file'']] in the left sidebar that you can use to upload a picture without adding it to any page yet. This way, other users can add it to a page when suitable.<blockquote></blockquote>__NOTOC__
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== Contact ==
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== Contributing ==

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If you think you can add valuable information, please contribute to the relevant page or create new pages where necessary. You can also upload your own pictures.

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=== FAQ ===
'''Q: How do I edit a page?'''

A: Due to recent issues with spam, you need to be logged in to edit a page. New users need to log in through Discord, and need to be a member of our Discord server. Once you are logged in, in the top right corner, click on the ''Edit'' button to open the visual editor. It's very easy to use!

'''Q: How do I create a new page?'''

A: To create a page, enter the name of the page in the search bar. Then click the red link in the message ''"Create the page <page> on this wiki!"''

'''Q: Can someone else destroy my work?'''

A: No, they cannot. Although anyone can edit, the edit history is kept forever. If someone performs a malicious edit, moderators will simply revert it. Furthermore, a backup is created regularly.

'''Q: What if my grammar and formatting isn't the best?'''

A: Don't let that stop you. If the text you write contains meaningful information, moderators or other users will be happy to properly format and correct your text. It is far more important to gather more information than it is to make it look neat.

'''Q: I have a picture I think is useful, what do I do with it?'''

A: In the visual editor, in the top bar, go to ''Insert'' → ''Images and media''. If you don't want to bother with adding the image to a page, or the page doesn't exist yet, you can find a link [[Special:Upload|''Upload file'']] in the left sidebar that you can use to upload a picture without adding it to any page yet. This way, other users can add it to a page when suitable.<blockquote></blockquote>__NOTOC__
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== Recommended ==
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{{VisualLink|Page=Glossary}}
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{{VisualLink|Page=Image Intensifier}}
{{VisualLink|Page=AN/PVS-14}}
{{VisualLink|Page=Omnibus}}
{{VisualLink|Page=Photonis}}
{{VisualLink|Page=Elbit Systems Of America}}
{{VisualLink|Page=L3Harris}}

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== Categories ==

<categorytree hideroot=on>Main</categorytree>

== Contact ==
To get in contact with the administrators or moderators, send us a message in our [https://discord.gg/attY7euJQy Discord server]'s [https://discord.com/channels/808018607086108703/1010575822584815747 #wiki-channel].

== Contributing ==

Anyone is more than welcome to contribute to this project!

If you think you can add valuable information, please contribute to the relevant page or create new pages where necessary. You can also upload your own pictures.

<div style="display:flex; flex-direction:row; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:space-evenly">
{{VisualLink|Page=Contributing Guidelines}}
{{VisualLink|Page=Wanted Images}}
{{VisualLink|Page=:Special:UploadWizard|Text=Upload Wizard}}
{{VisualLink|Page=:Special:ContributionScores|Text=Contributors}}
</div>

=== FAQ ===
'''Q: How do I edit a page?'''

A: In the top right corner, click on the ''Edit'' button to open the visual editor. It's very easy to use!

'''Q: How do I create a new page?'''

A: To create a page, enter the name of the page in the search bar. Then click the red link in the message ''"Create the page <page> on this wiki!"''

'''Q: Can someone else destroy my work?'''

A: No, they cannot. Although anyone can edit, the edit history is kept forever. If someone performs a malicious edit, moderators will simply revert it. Furthermore, a backup is created regularly.

'''Q: What if my grammar and formatting isn't the best?'''

A: Don't let that stop you. If the text you write contains meaningful information, moderators or other users will be happy to properly format and correct your text. It is far more important to gather more information than it is to make it look neat.

'''Q: I have a picture I think is useful, what do I do with it?'''

A: In the visual editor, in the top bar, go to ''Insert'' → ''Images and media''. If you don't want to bother with adding the image to a page, or the page doesn't exist yet, you can find a link [[Special:Upload|''Upload file'']] in the left sidebar that you can use to upload a picture without adding it to any page yet. This way, other users can add it to a page when suitable.<blockquote></blockquote>__NOTOC__
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# <pre>
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

2024-11-05T19:00:36Z

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{{Stub}}

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio is the ratio between the actual image (signal) and [[noise]], used to measure the performance in providing a noise-free image in [[Image Intensifier|image intensifiers]] and optical sensors of digital night vision and thermal devices.

Typical specs are:

* Gen 0<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20220927233831/https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Image_Intensification_The_Technology_of_Night/a25144</ref>
** SNR ~2
** Gain >1
* Gen 1<ref name=":0" />
** SNR ~6
** Gain ~70

* Gen 2 (introduction of the MCP)<ref name=":0" />
** SNR ~11
** Gain 3.5k to 10k
* Gen 2+<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220317190617/https://www.photonis.com/system/files/2020-11/201120c-Leafet-XR5.pdf</ref>
** SNR <30
** Gain 10k to 60k
* Advanced Gen 2+<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210917045203/https://www.photonis.com/system/files?file=2021-05/210507%20Leaflet%204G%2B_0.pdf</ref>
** SNR <40

* Gen 3<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220812210329/https://www.asu-nvg.com/Documents%20and%20Settings/39/Site%20Documents/Product%20Spec%20Sheets/New/F9800M16G_M18G_M20GSpecSheet.pdf</ref>
** SNR <35
** Gain 20k to 80k
* Advanced Gen 3<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220829150300/https://tnvc.com/supergain/</ref>
** SNR <50
** Gain 60k to 120k

A very noisy and possibly dim image can be one sign of a end of life conditions if it can be assumed the factory specifications were considerably higher than what is observerd.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Technology]]

Noise

2024-11-05T18:58:36Z

Admin: Created page with "Noise, in the context of night vision, is an inherent property of any device that processes any type of analog signal, which the image intensifier of an analog night vision device and the optical sensor of digital night vision or thermal device fall under. As noise reduces the quality of a signal, decades of research have been invested into reducing the amount of noise, which is measured by the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|signal-to-noise ratio (S..."

Noise, in the context of night vision, is an inherent property of any device that processes any type of analog signal, which the [[Image Intensifier|image intensifier]] of an analog night vision device and the optical sensor of digital night vision or thermal device fall under.

As noise reduces the quality of a signal, decades of research have been invested into reducing the amount of noise, which is measured by the [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)]].

== Image Intensifiers ==
Due to the complexity of image intensifiers they produce several types of noise, mixed together in the output image.

=== Fixed Pattern Noise (FPN) ===
Inaccuracies in the manufacturing of the image intensifier result in slight imperfections in the uniformity of the output brightness accross the output image, referred to a fixed pattern noise.

=== Shot Noise ===
Shot noise is named after the inventor of the concept, Walter Schottky. In analog night vision, shot noise appears as a kind of transparent TV static overlayed over the image.

To understand how it occurs, it is paramount to understand what happens to the signal depending on the amount of light the image intensifier is exposed to.

When looking at any arbitrary, small point on the input area of the image intensifier, we can count the number of photons entering it in any given small time frame. In bright environments, this number will be extremely large. In very dark environments, the number will become smaller and smaller. Due to chance, however, the number of photons hitting that area in that time frame will differ slightly over time. As the environment becomes darker, this slight difference will become more and more significant, until it becomes visible as that TV like static over the image.

Of course this is a simplification. Image intensifiers will not convert 100% of the photons they receive. As such, lower performing image intensifiers will have more shot noise, while higher performing ones will have less. But there's a theoretical maximum to how high the SNR of the image intensifier can be, as even at a 100% efficiency the effect will still occur in sufficient darkness.

=== Scintillation ===
Scintillation is an effect that only occurs in image intensifiers with [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)|MCP]]<nowiki/>s. It describes the bright flashes of light constantly occuring at random points over the screen. This is caused by the MCP sometimes "loosing" electrons without any input electron triggering the cascade. As such, this happens even when the input of the image intensifier is completely covered. Scintiallation, like shot noise, will become less pronounces the brighter the environment, as it gets drowned out by the actual signal.

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\bwebbschools\.org\b
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# <pre>
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\bmarlingunsshop\.com\b
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Thales Monie

2024-10-14T09:53:49Z

Admin: Replace copy pasted text (copyright), add reference

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=Monie
|manufacturer=Thales
|type=Monocular
|format=MX-10130
|fov-ver=51
|fov-hor=51
|mount=Proprietary
|objectives=Proprietary
|eyepieces=Proprietary
|weight=280
|page=https://www.thesophieclub.com/monie-nightrise/|image=462549750 536999182388101 6108790856572517832 n.jpg
}}
MONIE is a night vision monocular designed by Thales. It's unique features are a wide field of view of 51° and short overall length due to a folded optical design.<ref>http://www.instigo.ee/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/130328-MONIE.pdf</ref>

== Technical Data ==
The Monie comes typically with a Gen2+ [[Photonis]] [[Photonis#XD4|XD4]] or Photonis [[Photonis#XR5|XR5]] [[MX-10130]] format tube. It is powered by a single AA battery 1,5V | 3,6V or 1.2V rechargeable battery and offers 45 hours operation time at 20°C. The housing features an IR LED illuminator and an auto-shutoff sensor, that will turn off the device after 30 seconds if the environmental lights are brighter than 10lux. Dioptric adjustment goes from -6 to +3.
[[File:462546491_1254914218970763_8127769762351629935_n.jpg|alt=|thumb|Back Panel of Thales Monie]]

==== Dimensions: ====

* 76mm long
* 68mm wide
* 70mm tall

== Accessories ==

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Thales monie 4x lens.png|Thales Monie 3.8x Magnifier Lens
File:Thales monie case.jpg|Thales Monie Pelican Case
File:Thales monie dual brige.png|Thales Monie Dual Bridge
File:Thales monie Carrying Bag.png|Thales monie Carrying Bag
File:Thales monie Eye cup.png|Thales Monie Eyecups
File:Thales Lucie Skullcrusher Headmount.jpg|Thales Monie Helmet Claw
File:Thales Lucie Daycaps With Central ND Filter.jpg|Thales Monie Objetive Daycaps With Central ND Filter
</gallery>
=== Mounting ===
The Monie features a proprietary head-mounting system / accessories and is interchangeable for VAS shrouds or Helmets without shrouds with the Helmet-claw.

All mounting systems (Skullcrusher/Helmet-Mounts) offer a magnetic on/off feature when flipped up, the device turns automatically off by the magnetic mechanism.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="240">
File:Thales monie with headstrap.jpg|Thales Lucie Skullcrusher Setup
File:Thales monie on a helmet.jpg|alt=|Thales Monie In Helmet Set Up
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Devices]]

Thales Monie

2024-10-14T09:50:15Z

Admin: grammar

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=Monie
|manufacturer=Thales
|type=Monocular
|format=MX-10130
|fov-ver=51
|fov-hor=51
|mount=Proprietary
|objectives=Proprietary
|eyepieces=Proprietary
|weight=280
|page=https://www.thesophieclub.com/monie-nightrise/|image=462549750 536999182388101 6108790856572517832 n.jpg
}}
MONIE is an innovative and rugged image-intensified night vision monocular. Its wide field of view (51°) drastically improves user awareness and mobility, offering a 70% larger observed scene compared to conventional monoculars. Thanks to its revolutionary design, MONIE is the most compact and lightweight (<280g) monocular available on the market.

== Technical Data ==
The Monie comes typically with a Gen2+ [[Photonis]] [[Photonis#XD4|XD4]] or Photonis [[Photonis#XR5|XR5]] [[MX-10130]] format tube. It is powered by a single AA battery 1,5V | 3,6V or 1.2V rechargeable battery and offers 45 hours operation time at 20°C. The housing features an IR LED illuminator and an auto-shutoff sensor, that will turn off the device after 30 seconds if the environmental lights are brighter than 10lux. Dioptric adjustment goes from -6 to +3.
[[File:462546491_1254914218970763_8127769762351629935_n.jpg|alt=|thumb|Back Panel of Thales Monie]]

==== Dimensions: ====

* 76mm long
* 68mm wide
* 70mm tall

== Accessories ==

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Thales monie 4x lens.png|Thales Monie 3.8x Magnifier Lens
File:Thales monie case.jpg|Thales Monie Pelican Case
File:Thales monie dual brige.png|Thales Monie Dual Bridge
File:Thales monie Carrying Bag.png|Thales monie Carrying Bag
File:Thales monie Eye cup.png|Thales Monie Eyecups
File:Thales Lucie Skullcrusher Headmount.jpg|Thales Monie Helmet Claw
File:Thales Lucie Daycaps With Central ND Filter.jpg|Thales Monie Objetive Daycaps With Central ND Filter
</gallery>
=== Mounting ===
The Monie features a proprietary head-mounting system / accessories and is interchangeable for VAS shrouds or Helmets without shrouds with the Helmet-claw.

All mounting systems (Skullcrusher/Helmet-Mounts) offer a magnetic on/off feature when flipped up, the device turns automatically off by the magnetic mechanism.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="240">
File:Thales monie with headstrap.jpg|Thales Lucie Skullcrusher Setup
File:Thales monie on a helmet.jpg|alt=|Thales Monie In Helmet Set Up
</gallery>
[[Category:Devices]]

Thales Group

2024-10-14T09:47:18Z

Admin: link Monie

{{Stub}}
[[File:Thales Group Logo.svg|alt=Thales Group Logo|thumb|Logo]]

Thales Group is a French corporation with activities in many different market sectors.

== Products ==
Among the products Thales sells is a lineup called ''NightRise'' consisting of various night vision devices.<ref>https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/defence-and-security/land-forces/augmented-soldier/soldier-optronics/nightrise-night-vision</ref> The entire lineup is characterized by high quality and outstanding optical characteristics with high [[Field of View (FOV)|FoV]].

* Helie
* Angie
* Bonie HP
* Minie
* Minie D
* Minie D / IR
* [[Thales Monie|Monie]]
* [[Thales Lucie|Lucie]]
* Elfie
* Bi-Monie
* Nellie

=== Civilian Market ===
Thales does not sell their night vision devices to civilians. As such only very few devices are in circulation.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Manufacturers]]
[[Category:Housing Manufacturer]]
[[Category:Device Manufacturer]]

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Iris

2024-09-23T16:55:50Z

Admin: /* Other details */

[[File:DI-TT-4A.jpg|thumb|DI-TT-4A on his dedicated tripod]]
The Iris is a little family of night vision scopes developed and produced in france by Optique et Précision Levallois (O.P.L.) in the 50's for the French navy and army.

The device has at least three variants known so far, all using Gen 0 image intensifier tubes.

It is powered by a removable power supply box plugged into the side of the scope and kept in place by metallic belts. All variants require an external power source to be connected to this power supply. These devices were originally assigned to and used on ships or on land, mounted on a tripod.

The device is supplied with an additional 24V Heymann ES1 oscillator (navy version Iris 2x67 and Iris 4x100) or a 6V oscillator (army version DI-TT-4A), low voltage cables for connecting to the ship's power supply (navy version) or to 6V cadmium nickel batteries (army version), an IR powered collimator who can be plugged into a secondary low voltage output and mounted in front of the scope and 6 spare small lightbulb's for the collimator.

== Variants ==

=== Iris 2x67 ===
Navy version which uses the BA 56M 24V power supply plugged into the scope. It is fully painted in a light blue color, however at the begining all these devices had a darker blue navy color that has been covered by the lighter colored paint. The optic is a 67mm lens in a seemingly oversized body, as all variants use the same chassis.

=== Iris 4x100 ===
A version of the Iris scope with a bigger 100mm f.1,8 lens giving a 8 degree large vision.

=== DI-TT-4A ===
The army version using the same chassis than the others and the same optic than the Iris 4x100, but here it uses a 6V power supply box and conected to a 6V battery by cable. This version is the main part of a whole set deployed by multiple crews that include a 45 centimeter 24V and 250W IR searchlight, a box of batteries and 2 tripods,the DI-TT-4A is easely reconisable by having certaine parts colored in black instead of being fully mono color.

== Other details ==
It is believed that all versions use the TV.1.A or TV.1.B image intensifier tube, however its only firmly confirmed for the army version.

All version's have two anti humidity cartridges inserted in the scope and can be observed trought a round window. Each of them are attached with three screws, the cadridges themself can be unscrewed to be opened for removing the anti humidity sand which can be reused and reinserted in the cartridge after 5 hours at 110°C in the oven, the cartridge is dry when the sand is blue, if the sand is pink/sand colored then the cartridge is humid and needs to be dried out by the manner described above.

All versions do not have any adjustable focus setting, the focus is fixed at 400 meters for the army version of the scope.

The navy version's collimators use a German style reticle, unknown for the army version.

The army version power supply box delivers 15kV, the scope consumes 0.5A, the navy version is believed to deliver between 10 to 12kV and consumes 0.2A.

The scope itself and the power supply box have each their own distinct serial number, having mismatching serial numbers is not to be considered abnormal.

== Warning ==
For any fortunate owners of the navy version of the device, due to their age it is recommended to power these devices only with 12V instead of 24V to avoiding risks of overheating and damaging the power supply box permanently.

== External links ==
http://roland.weber4.free.fr/

http://opl.foca.free.fr/viewtopic.php?t=1340&sid=fe1fb6fc0a03d427590fff73250f1d9a

https://www.passionmilitaria.com/t121763-marine-lunette-iris-2x67
[[Category:Devices]]

Iris

2024-09-16T08:01:30Z

Admin: Add category

[[File:DI-TT-4A.jpg|thumb|DI-TT-4A on his dedicated tripod]]
The Iris is a little family of night vision scopes developed and produced in france by Optique et Précision Levallois (O.P.L.) in the 50's for the French navy and army.

The device has at least three variants known so far, all using Gen 0 image intensifier tubes.

It is powered by a removable power supply box plugged into the side of the scope and kept in place by metallic belts. All variants require an external power source to be connected to this power supply. These devices were originally assigned to and used on ships or on land, mounted on a tripod.

The device is supplied with an additional 24V Heymann ES1 oscillator (navy version Iris 2x67 and Iris 4x100) or a 6V oscillator (army version DI-TT-4A), low voltage cables for connecting to the ship's power supply (navy version) or to 6V cadmium nickel batteries (army version), an IR powered collimator who can be plugged into a secondary low voltage output and mounted in front of the scope and 6 spare small lightbulb's for the collimator.

== Variants ==

=== Iris 2x67 ===
Navy version which uses the BA 56M 24V power supply plugged into the scope. It is fully painted in a light blue color, however at the begining all these devices had a darker blue navy color that has been covered by the lighter colored paint. The optic is a 67mm lens in a seemingly oversized body, as all variants use the same chassis.

=== Iris 4x100 ===
A version of the Iris scope with a bigger 100mm lens.

=== DI-TT-4A ===
The army version using the same chassis than the others, but here it uses a 6V power supply box and conected to a 6V battery by cable. This version is the main part of a whole set deployed by multiple crews that include a 45 centimeter 24V and 250W IR searchlight, a box of batteries and 2 tripods.

== Other details ==
It is believed that all versions use the TV.1.A or TV.1.B image intensifier tube, however its only firmly confirmed for the army version.

All version's have two anti humidity cartridges inserted in the scope and can be observed trought a round window. Each of them are attached with three screws, the cadridges themself can be unscrewed to be opened for removing the anti humidity sand which can be reused and reinserted in the cartridge after 5 hours at 110°C in the oven, the cartridge is dry when the sand is blue, if the sand is pink/sand colored then the cartridge is humid and needs to be dried out by the manner described above.

All versions do not have any adjustable focus setting, the focus is fixed at 400 meters for the army version of the scope.

The navy version's collimators use a German style reticle, unknown for the army version.

== Warning ==
For any fortunate owners of the navy version of the device, due to their age it is recommended to power these devices only with 12V instead of 24V to avoiding risks of overheating and damaging the power supply box permanently.

== External links ==
http://roland.weber4.free.fr/
[[Category:Devices]]

Iris

2024-09-16T08:00:36Z

Admin: Grammar, formatting

[[File:DI-TT-4A.jpg|thumb|DI-TT-4A on his dedicated tripod]]
The Iris is a little family of night vision scopes developed and produced in france by Optique et Précision Levallois (O.P.L.) in the 50's for the French navy and army.

The device has at least three variants known so far, all using Gen 0 image intensifier tubes.

It is powered by a removable power supply box plugged into the side of the scope and kept in place by metallic belts. All variants require an external power source to be connected to this power supply. These devices were originally assigned to and used on ships or on land, mounted on a tripod.

The device is supplied with an additional 24V Heymann ES1 oscillator (navy version Iris 2x67 and Iris 4x100) or a 6V oscillator (army version DI-TT-4A), low voltage cables for connecting to the ship's power supply (navy version) or to 6V cadmium nickel batteries (army version), an IR powered collimator who can be plugged into a secondary low voltage output and mounted in front of the scope and 6 spare small lightbulb's for the collimator.

== Variants ==

=== Iris 2x67 ===
Navy version which uses the BA 56M 24V power supply plugged into the scope. It is fully painted in a light blue color, however at the begining all these devices had a darker blue navy color that has been covered by the lighter colored paint. The optic is a 67mm lens in a seemingly oversized body, as all variants use the same chassis.

=== Iris 4x100 ===
A version of the Iris scope with a bigger 100mm lens.

=== DI-TT-4A ===
The army version using the same chassis than the others, but here it uses a 6V power supply box and conected to a 6V battery by cable. This version is the main part of a whole set deployed by multiple crews that include a 45 centimeter 24V and 250W IR searchlight, a box of batteries and 2 tripods.

== Other details ==
It is believed that all versions use the TV.1.A or TV.1.B image intensifier tube, however its only firmly confirmed for the army version.

All version's have two anti humidity cartridges inserted in the scope and can be observed trought a round window. Each of them are attached with three screws, the cadridges themself can be unscrewed to be opened for removing the anti humidity sand which can be reused and reinserted in the cartridge after 5 hours at 110°C in the oven, the cartridge is dry when the sand is blue, if the sand is pink/sand colored then the cartridge is humid and needs to be dried out by the manner described above.

All versions do not have any adjustable focus setting, the focus is fixed at 400 meters for the army version of the scope.

The navy version's collimators use a German style reticle, unknown for the army version.

== Warning ==
For any fortunate owners of the navy version of the device, due to their age it is recommended to power these devices only with 12V instead of 24V to avoiding risks of overheating and damaging the power supply box permanently.

== External links ==
http://roland.weber4.free.fr/

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2024-09-15T12:46:05Z

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2024-09-13T09:29:34Z

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2024-08-25T16:57:43Z

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Main Page

2024-07-06T18:12:36Z

Admin:

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== Recommended ==
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== Contact ==
To get in contact with the administrators or moderators, send us a message in our [https://discord.gg/attY7euJQy Discord server]'s [https://discord.com/channels/808018607086108703/1010575822584815747 #wiki-channel].

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Anyone is more than welcome to contribute to this project!

If you think you can add valuable information, please contribute to the relevant page or create new pages where necessary. You can also upload your own pictures.

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=== FAQ ===
'''Q: How do I edit a page?'''

A: In the top right corner, click on the ''Edit'' button to open the visual editor. It's very easy to use!

'''Q: How do I create a new page?'''

A: To create a page, enter the name of the page in the search bar. Then click the red link in the message ''"Create the page <page> on this wiki!"''

'''Q: Can someone else destroy my work?'''

A: No, they cannot. Although anyone can edit, the edit history is kept forever. If someone performs a malicious edit, moderators will simply revert it. Furthermore, a backup is created regularly.

'''Q: What if my grammar and formatting isn't the best?'''

A: Don't let that stop you. If the text you write contains meaningful information, moderators or other users will be happy to properly format and correct your text. It is far more important to gather more information than it is to make it look neat.

'''Q: I have a picture I think is useful, what do I do with it?'''

A: In the visual editor, in the top bar, go to ''Insert'' → ''Images and media''. If you don't want to bother with adding the image to a page, or the page doesn't exist yet, you can find a link [[Special:Upload|''Upload file'']] in the left sidebar that you can use to upload a picture without adding it to any page yet. This way, other users can add it to a page when suitable.<blockquote></blockquote>__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Meta]]

United States of America

2024-06-04T08:32:43Z

Admin: /* Export */

This page details all information about night vision specific to the U.S.A..

== Military ==
Being the largest military of the world, the [[United States Armed Forces]] are the main driving force behind the development and popularization of night vision.

== Retailers ==

* TNVC
* Nightvisionguys
* Steele Industries
* Apollo Gear Co.
* Nocturnal Tendencies

== Manufacturers ==

* [[Elbit Systems Of America|Elbit Systems of America]]
* [[L3Harris]]
* [[ITT Industries]]
* AB NightVision Inc
* Low Light Innovations

== Export ==
The export of night vision equipment is controlled in accordance with the ''International Traffic in Arms Regulations'' (ITAR), which are defined in Title 22 in the Code of Federal Regulations Part 120-130.<ref>https://nightvisionuniverse.com/pages/export-regulations</ref>

ITAR defines the ''United States Munitions List'' (USML)<ref>https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2020-title22-vol1/pdf/CFR-2020-title22-vol1-sec121-1.pdf</ref> of controlled items grouped by category.

Among others, category XII contains devices and weapon sights using [[Image Intensifier|image intensifiers]] with a [[sensitivity]] over 350 μA/lm and Gen. 3 image intensifiers (or later).

Exporting ITAR controlled equipment & information without adequate permission is a punishable crime.

=== Notes ===
* ITAR only applies in the United States, which means ITAR controlled items that are already outside of the U.S.A. are not subject to any additional restrictions.
* Items imported to the U.S. might not be able to be exported again if they fall under ITAR.
* ITAR is not absolute.
** For some items that fall under ITAR it is possible to obtain export permission as a civilian (e.g. housings not used by the military)
** Government agencies and search and rescue organizations can obtain export permissions for otherwise strictly controlled items<ref>https://www.asu-nvg.com/Documents%20and%20Settings/39/Site%20Documents/Product%20Spec%20Sheets/MX-10160_F9800_Int.pdf</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Country]]

United States of America

2024-06-04T08:31:59Z

Admin: /* Export */

This page details all information about night vision specific to the U.S.A..

== Military ==
Being the largest military of the world, the [[United States Armed Forces]] are the main driving force behind the development and popularization of night vision.

== Retailers ==

* TNVC
* Nightvisionguys
* Steele Industries
* Apollo Gear Co.
* Nocturnal Tendencies

== Manufacturers ==

* [[Elbit Systems Of America|Elbit Systems of America]]
* [[L3Harris]]
* [[ITT Industries]]
* AB NightVision Inc
* Low Light Innovations

== Export ==
The export of night vision equipment is controlled in accordance with the ''International Traffic in Arms Regulations'' (ITAR), which are defined in Title 22 in the Code of Federal Regulations Part 120-130.<ref>https://nightvisionuniverse.com/pages/export-regulations</ref>

ITAR defines the ''United States Munitions List'' (USML)<ref>https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2020-title22-vol1/pdf/CFR-2020-title22-vol1-sec121-1.pdf</ref> of controlled items grouped by category.

Among others, category XII contains devices and weapon sights using image intensifiers with a [[sensitivity]] over 350 μA/lm and Gen. 3 image intensifiers (or later).

Exporting ITAR controlled equipment & information without adequate permission is a punishable crime.

=== Notes ===
* ITAR only applies in the United States, which means ITAR controlled items that are already outside of the U.S.A. are not subject to any additional restrictions.
* Items imported to the U.S. might not be able to be exported again if they fall under ITAR.
* ITAR is not absolute.
** For some items that fall under ITAR it is possible to obtain export permission as a civilian (e.g. housings not used by the military)
** Government agencies and search and rescue organizations can obtain export permissions for otherwise strictly controlled items<ref>https://www.asu-nvg.com/Documents%20and%20Settings/39/Site%20Documents/Product%20Spec%20Sheets/MX-10160_F9800_Int.pdf</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Country]]

Image Intensifier

2024-06-04T08:19:10Z

Admin: /* Lifetime */

An image intensifier (abbreviation: II or I²) is an electro-optical component that can produce an intensified monochrome image on a [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screen]] from a cone of incoming light, intended to intensify the signal beyond what optics and digital sensors are capable of.

In the field of night vision, image intensifier refers to image intensifier ''tubes'' which are miniaturized image intensifiers (usually in tubular shape) that form the core component of any night vision device.

Image intensifier tubes are inserted into a housing that otherwise only provides optics, power supply, and protection of the sensitive component. Many formats of image intensifier tubes are designed to be exchangable with limited tooling and know-how, originally intended to allow armies to replace damaged image intensifier tubes by an engineer during deployment.

== Generations ==
The U.S. Army's Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) categorizes image intensifiers into four distinct generations. With each generation, a change in the technology has lead to substantial performance improvements.<ref>Night Vision Technologies Handbook https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/NV-Tech-HB_1013-508.pdf</ref>

Although the generation of any given image intensifier will quickly provide a rough understanding of what to expect from it, it is not a replacement for accurate performance parameters (e.g. [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]], [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]], [[Gain]]), as these can vary wildly for different image intensifiers of the same generation. The relevant agencies of the U.S. government have since recognized this circumstance and have mostly stopped using generations to refer to image intensifiers in their specifications, and instead use the [[Figure of Merit (FOM)]] for most purposes.

Some manufacturers and retailers use a ''+'' to indicate intra-generational improvements, e.g. ''Gen. 2+''. This practice is not part of the official specification and can be defined differently by anyone.

=== Generation 0 ===
Generation 0 was invented in 1929 by a Hungarian scientist in the UK. First uses where in World War II by the Germans, later the Soviets and the Americans.

Gen. 0 tubes don't have any or only very low [[gain]] of a around 10 and thus rely on strong IR illumination.

Gen. 0 tubes utilize S-1 photocathodes, that have a quantum efficiency of 0.5% in the IR spectrum and 1% in the UV spectrum.

'''Examples of Gen 0 devices'''

*Vampir
*M2 & M3 Sniperscope
*PNV57A

=== Generation 1===
Generation 1, developed and patented in the 1960s, improved the gain to around 1000 fL/fc. This enabled the use of Gen. 1 devices under moonlight conditions without the use of IR illumination.

Later developments include the glass in the body being replaced with ceramic, improving the gain even further. These devices are sometimes referred to as Gen. 1+.

Some devices used multiple tubes in a cascade configuration, leading to improvements in [[gain]] of up to 100,000 fL/fc, but with very low [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]].

'''Examples of Gen 1 devices'''

*AN/PAS 2 Starlight
* [[Armasight]] Spark

Russian Gen. 1 tubes made by [[Ekran FEP|Ekran]] are also found in most cheap consumer devices.

===Generation 2===

The Generation 2 was developed in the 1970s and was the first generation using a [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)]], which substantially increased the [[gain]] to around 20k fL/fc. During this time, due to drastic innovations in the semiconductor space, the first widespread integration of the [[Power Supply Unit (PSU)|PSU]] with the tube in a single, modern package appears.

Generation 2 IITs are usually produced with either P20, P22, P43 or P45 [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screens]].

Some manufacturers, like [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]], have continued developing their Gen. 2 technology without ever developing a Gen. 3 production line. Nontheless they have succeeded in pushing the envelope with their image intensifiers matching Gen. 3 performance, most recently even producing image intensifiers with [[gain]] levels above 60k fL/fc.

'''Examples of Gen 2 devices'''

*[[Simrad GN-1|GN-1]] employed Gen 2 IIT upon release.

===Generation 3===
{{Unverified}}
The photocathode is made using gallium arsenide and the refined [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)|MCP]] technology is coated with an Aluminum oxide layer called ion barrier film to prolong the tubes functional life by preventing the occasionally released ion to damage the [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)|MCP]], a process called ion-poisoning which drastically diminishes the plates functional lifespan. The downside of this ion film is that it somewhat restricts the amount of electrons that pass through it thereby detracting some of the intensification. The so called haloing-effect was also increased by this film, something that lessens the practical performance since it may obscure parts of what is being observed.

Subsequent development of the technology led to "thin-film" tubes among other solutions to lessen the impact of the ion barrier on gain and resolution. Since the beginnings of thin-film IIT it has become so commonplace that instead of being singled out as having thin ion barrier film the earlier image intensifiers are nowadays referred to as "thick-film" instead.

Gen. 3 tubes are usually produced with either P43 or P45 [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screens]]. [[Adams Industries]] sold a Sentinel-CNV "color" night vision binocular where each optical channel had differently filtered input, each channel seeing different parts of the spectrum, and output as two colors, with one side having a red phosphor<ref>https://www.adamsindustries.com/</ref> screen, with green P43 on the other.

Gen 3 image intensifier [[gain]] is often set in the range of 40k to 80k fL/fc. High gain variants are set to 100k to 120k fL/fc.

'''Examples of Gen 3 devices'''

*[[AN/PVS-14]]
*[[AN/PVS-31]]
*[[MNV-K]]
*[[Excelitas Kite Mk. 4]]

====Filmless====
As a logical next step, manufacturers such as [[Litton Industries|Litton]] (now [[L3Harris]]) began developing third generation image intensifiers without an ion barrier film in the 1990s. Albeit successful in creating even higher performing image intensifiers, the early iterations suffered from shorter lifespans and less durability in addition to higher production cost. The first [[Omnibus]] containing filmless image intensifiers was Omni V. Both [[ITT Industries|ITT]] and [[Litton Industries|Litton]] (NGEOS) were given contracts for Gen 4 [[MX-10160#MX-10160B/AVS-6|MX-10160B]] tubes. There is some evidence that Litton achieved filmless image intensifiers that reached [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]] figures over 35, with the lifetime being around 7500 hours which was also the required minimum. It is unclear what exactly happened, and why the Gen 4 designation was dropped. On their webpage [[ITT Industries|ITT]] wrote about the development of the so called Pinnacle technology<ref>Gen 4, Omni V and VI, and Pinnacle technology https://web.archive.org/web/20060324232309/http://www.nightvision.com/military/cs_gen3pinnacle.html</ref>, an autogated image intensifier tube with a thinner ion barrier film, where they mention receiving a $40mil Navy order for filmless [[AN/AVS-9|F4949]] sets. ITT writes they could not keep up with the requirements, and the U.S. Navy reverted back to buying the older Omni IV regular ion barrier image intensifier tubes. [[Litton Industries|Litton]], later [[L3]], continued developing filmless technology. During the next 10 to 15 years the U.S. military bought [[L3]] filmless image intensifier tubes for special use cases. Probably the best known early example is the [[AN/PVS-15]] that used [[L3]] manufactured filmless technology [[MX-10160#MX-10160B/AVS-6|MX-10160B]]<nowiki/>s (also filmless MX-10160WG), NSN (5855-01-548-9651) assigned on 8 Mar 2007.

[[L3Harris]] stands out as the sole western producer of filmless image intensifier tubes, having patented the process. The only other eastern producer is [[Ekran FEP]].

=== Generation 4 ===
The official specification does not include Generation 4 any more, as even the most modern filmless image intensifier tubes still fall under the definition of Generation 3.

== Formats==
No single standard for the physical size and shape of image intensifier tubes exists. Instead, several different formats have been created over time.

Many older formats have since become partially or completely abandoned, as many have been designed to fit a specific housing or use case, as well as miniaturization allowing for ever smaller form factors.

Other formats, like MX-10160, have evolved to become somewhat of an industry standard, far exceeding their originally intended use case.

Manufacturers are still creating new formats, like [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]] with their 16mm format, which is even smaller and lighter than the commonly used formats.
*Mx9916 (Fat Anvis)
*MX-10130
*[[MX-10160|MX-10160 / Small Anvis / 37mm / 18mm]]
*[[MX-11769]]
*16mm

== Lifetime ==
Because image intensifiers rely on an electrochemical process to operate, they will slowly degrade with use.

The original [[MX-10160#MX-10160%2FAVS-6|MX-10160/AVS6]] specification defines a mean time to failure of the image intensifier of 7500 hours under normal and 1500 hours under accelerated conditions. This includes degradation in performance as well as complete failure of the assembly.

Image intensifiers are considered to have "failed" if the FOM decreases below 50% of the initial value.<sup>Source?</sup>

Gen. 2 image intensifiers loose [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]] almost linearly over their lifetime, while Gen. 3 image intensifiers have an almost constant [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]] with a sharp decrease at the end of life.<ref>Eric Garris - [[Harris]] - The Gen. 3 Advantage ([https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-gen-3-advantage-harris-gen-3-advantage-night-vision-and-communication-systems.html?page=10 https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-gen-3-advantage-harris-gen-3-advantage-night-vision-and-communication-systems.html?page=9])</ref> This means that while used Gen. 3 image intensifiers are likely to meet their original specifications, Gen. 2 image intensifiers will have a more or less lower performance compared to when they were new.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Technology]]

MX-11769

2024-06-03T10:53:58Z

Admin:

[[File:MX-11769.png|alt=MX-11769 image intensifier|thumb|MX-11769 image intensifier with the characteristic "pigtail"]]
MX-11769 is a specification for image intensifier tubes for the [[United States of America|U.S.]] military.

The designation is often used to refer to the format of the tube specified inside of the specification, as all iterations of the specification reuse the same format to facilitate backwards compatibility.

The format is a modified version of the [[MX-10160]] format, with the key difference being the so called ''pigtail, w''hich can be plugged into compatible housings to allow [[External Gain Adjustment Circuit (EGAC)|manual gain]] adjustment.

MX-10160 tubes can be used in housings designed for the MX-11769 format, simply rendering the gain adjustment inoperable. See ''Conversion'' for the inverse case.

== Pigtail ==
The pigtail is a two-lead ribbon cable soldered to two pin contacts inside of a small cutout on the image intensifier housing.

At the other end of the cable is a small circuit board featuring four pin contacts, forming a type of connector that can be plugged into a receptacle in the inside of a compatible night vision housing. As there are only two leads, the pins form two pairs for redundancy. Furthermore, the assymetric arrangement of the pins ensures that there is only one possible direction that the connector can be plugged in.<ref>Patent by [[ITT Industries|ITT]]: [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6150650A/en Variable gain image intensifier]</ref><ref group="Note">Even if it were possible, a connector plugged in reverse would not have any effect on the functionality. The single direction that it can be plugged in is intended to avoid confusion and to ensure a single standard of assembly.</ref>

The electronic principle is simple, as the gain of the image intensifier can be controlled by adjusting the resistance between the two contacts. This is usually achieved by a simple potentiometer control (e.g. in the [[AN/PVS-14]]), or by some digital controller and buttons to control the gain.

The tube will run at maximum gain at 180KΩ, and at minimum gain at 0Ω.

== Conversion ==
On newer tubes from [[L3Harris]] the ribbon cable is connected to the image intensifier using a plug instead of soldered pins. These tubes feature extra circuitry making the tube operate at full gain when the cable is disconnected, allowing for quick conversion to and from [[MX-10160]] format without the use of any tools.

Some newer tubes sold by [[Elbit Systems Of America|Elbit]] as [[MX-10160]] use the same principle, allowing a pigtail to be connected later, converting them to MX-11769 format.

=== Manual Conversion ===
Furthermore, its possible to convert any MX-11769 tubes to [[MX-10160]] format by desoldering the ribbon cable and replacing it with a resistor. The recommended type of resistor is a 0805 SMD resistor, with a value of 150-180KΩ depending on the desired gain.

A normal MX-11769 tube running without a resistor or with a resistor exceeding the 180KΩ mark will operate beyond maximum gain, likely shortening the lifespan of the image intensifier significantly.

Due to the small size of the resistor and the pins the conversion requires some experience, otherwise risking damage to the image intensifier.

== Devices ==
The table below lists all devices using MX-11769 image intensifier tubes for which a page exists on this wiki.{{#ask:
[[Category:Devices]]
[[Tube Format::MX-11769]]
|?Manufacturer
|?Housing Type
}}

== Notes ==
<references group="Note" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Specifications]]

Template:DeviceInfoBox

2024-06-03T10:43:50Z

Admin:

<noinclude>
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"label": "Manufacturer #1",
"description": "Page of the manufacturer of the device",
"required": true,
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"example": "L3Harris",
"type": "wiki-page-name"
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</noinclude><includeonly>
<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles.css" />
<table class="infobox>

<tr class="infobox-header ext-infobox-header">
<th colspan=2>{{{name}}}</th>
</tr>

{{#if: {{{image|}}}|
<tr>
<td colspan=2 style="margin: 0; padding:0;">[[File:{{{image}}}|alt={{{name}}} image|frameless]]</td>
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{{#if: {{{manufacturer|}}}|
<div>
[[Manufacturer::{{{manufacturer}}}]] {{#if: {{{manufacturer-name|}}}| ({{{manufacturer-name}}})|}}
</div>|}}{{#if: {{{manufacturer-2|}}}|
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[[Manufacturer::{{{manufacturer-3}}}]] {{#if: {{{manufacturer-name-3|}}}| ({{{manufacturer-name-3}}})|}}
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<td>[[Vertical Field of View::{{{fov-ver}}}]]° / [[Horizontal Field of View::{{{fov-hor}}}]]° </td>
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<td>{{{objectives}}}</td>
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<td>{{{eyepieces}}}</td>
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{{#if: {{{weight|}}}|
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<td><b>Weight</b></td>
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</includeonly>

Image Intensifier

2024-06-03T10:43:10Z

Admin: /* Formats */

An image intensifier (abbreviation: II or I²) is an electro-optical component that can produce an intensified monochrome image on a [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screen]] from a cone of incoming light, intended to intensify the signal beyond what optics and digital sensors are capable of.

In the field of night vision, image intensifier refers to image intensifier ''tubes'' which are miniaturized image intensifiers (usually in tubular shape) that form the core component of any night vision device.

Image intensifier tubes are inserted into a housing that otherwise only provides optics, power supply, and protection of the sensitive component. Many formats of image intensifier tubes are designed to be exchangable with limited tooling and know-how, originally intended to allow armies to replace damaged image intensifier tubes by an engineer during deployment.

== Generations ==
The U.S. Army's Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) categorizes image intensifiers into four distinct generations. With each generation, a change in the technology has lead to substantial performance improvements.<ref>Night Vision Technologies Handbook https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/NV-Tech-HB_1013-508.pdf</ref>

Although the generation of any given image intensifier will quickly provide a rough understanding of what to expect from it, it is not a replacement for accurate performance parameters (e.g. [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]], [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]], [[Gain]]), as these can vary wildly for different image intensifiers of the same generation. The relevant agencies of the U.S. government have since recognized this circumstance and have mostly stopped using generations to refer to image intensifiers in their specifications, and instead use the [[Figure of Merit (FOM)]] for most purposes.

Some manufacturers and retailers use a ''+'' to indicate intra-generational improvements, e.g. ''Gen. 2+''. This practice is not part of the official specification and can be defined differently by anyone.

=== Generation 0 ===
Generation 0 was invented in 1929 by a Hungarian scientist in the UK. First uses where in World War II by the Germans, later the Soviets and the Americans.

Gen. 0 tubes don't have any or only very low [[gain]] of a around 10 and thus rely on strong IR illumination.

Gen. 0 tubes utilize S-1 photocathodes, that have a quantum efficiency of 0.5% in the IR spectrum and 1% in the UV spectrum.

'''Examples of Gen 0 devices'''

*Vampir
*M2 & M3 Sniperscope
*PNV57A

=== Generation 1===
Generation 1, developed and patented in the 1960s, improved the gain to around 1000 fL/fc. This enabled the use of Gen. 1 devices under moonlight conditions without the use of IR illumination.

Later developments include the glass in the body being replaced with ceramic, improving the gain even further. These devices are sometimes referred to as Gen. 1+.

Some devices used multiple tubes in a cascade configuration, leading to improvements in [[gain]] of up to 100,000 fL/fc, but with very low [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]].

'''Examples of Gen 1 devices'''

*AN/PAS 2 Starlight
* [[Armasight]] Spark

Russian Gen. 1 tubes made by [[Ekran FEP|Ekran]] are also found in most cheap consumer devices.

===Generation 2===

The Generation 2 was developed in the 1970s and was the first generation using a [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)]], which substantially increased the [[gain]] to around 20k fL/fc. During this time, due to drastic innovations in the semiconductor space, the first widespread integration of the [[Power Supply Unit (PSU)|PSU]] with the tube in a single, modern package appears.

Generation 2 IITs are usually produced with either P20, P22, P43 or P45 [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screens]].

Some manufacturers, like [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]], have continued developing their Gen. 2 technology without ever developing a Gen. 3 production line. Nontheless they have succeeded in pushing the envelope with their image intensifiers matching Gen. 3 performance, most recently even producing image intensifiers with [[gain]] levels above 60k fL/fc.

'''Examples of Gen 2 devices'''

*[[Simrad GN-1|GN-1]] employed Gen 2 IIT upon release.

===Generation 3===
{{Unverified}}
The photocathode is made using gallium arsenide and the refined [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)|MCP]] technology is coated with an Aluminum oxide layer called ion barrier film to prolong the tubes functional life by preventing the occasionally released ion to damage the [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)|MCP]], a process called ion-poisoning which drastically diminishes the plates functional lifespan. The downside of this ion film is that it somewhat restricts the amount of electrons that pass through it thereby detracting some of the intensification. The so called haloing-effect was also increased by this film, something that lessens the practical performance since it may obscure parts of what is being observed.

Subsequent development of the technology led to "thin-film" tubes among other solutions to lessen the impact of the ion barrier on gain and resolution. Since the beginnings of thin-film IIT it has become so commonplace that instead of being singled out as having thin ion barrier film the earlier image intensifiers are nowadays referred to as "thick-film" instead.

Gen. 3 tubes are usually produced with either P43 or P45 [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screens]]. [[Adams Industries]] sold a Sentinel-CNV "color" night vision binocular where each optical channel had differently filtered input, each channel seeing different parts of the spectrum, and output as two colors, with one side having a red phosphor<ref>https://www.adamsindustries.com/</ref> screen, with green P43 on the other.

Gen 3 image intensifier [[gain]] is often set in the range of 40k to 80k fL/fc. High gain variants are set to 100k to 120k fL/fc.

'''Examples of Gen 3 devices'''

*[[AN/PVS-14]]
*[[AN/PVS-31]]
*[[MNV-K]]
*[[Excelitas Kite Mk. 4]]

====Filmless====
As a logical next step, manufacturers such as [[Litton Industries|Litton]] (now [[L3Harris]]) began developing third generation image intensifiers without an ion barrier film in the 1990s. Albeit successful in creating even higher performing image intensifiers, the early iterations suffered from shorter lifespans and less durability in addition to higher production cost. The first [[Omnibus]] containing filmless image intensifiers was Omni V. Both [[ITT Industries|ITT]] and [[Litton Industries|Litton]] (NGEOS) were given contracts for Gen 4 [[MX-10160#MX-10160B/AVS-6|MX-10160B]] tubes. There is some evidence that Litton achieved filmless image intensifiers that reached [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]] figures over 35, with the lifetime being around 7500 hours which was also the required minimum. It is unclear what exactly happened, and why the Gen 4 designation was dropped. On their webpage [[ITT Industries|ITT]] wrote about the development of the so called Pinnacle technology<ref>Gen 4, Omni V and VI, and Pinnacle technology https://web.archive.org/web/20060324232309/http://www.nightvision.com/military/cs_gen3pinnacle.html</ref>, an autogated image intensifier tube with a thinner ion barrier film, where they mention receiving a $40mil Navy order for filmless [[AN/AVS-9|F4949]] sets. ITT writes they could not keep up with the requirements, and the U.S. Navy reverted back to buying the older Omni IV regular ion barrier image intensifier tubes. [[Litton Industries|Litton]], later [[L3]], continued developing filmless technology. During the next 10 to 15 years the U.S. military bought [[L3]] filmless image intensifier tubes for special use cases. Probably the best known early example is the [[AN/PVS-15]] that used [[L3]] manufactured filmless technology [[MX-10160#MX-10160B/AVS-6|MX-10160B]]<nowiki/>s (also filmless MX-10160WG), NSN (5855-01-548-9651) assigned on 8 Mar 2007.

[[L3Harris]] stands out as the sole western producer of filmless image intensifier tubes, having patented the process. The only other eastern producer is [[Ekran FEP]].

=== Generation 4 ===
The official specification does not include Generation 4 any more, as even the most modern filmless image intensifier tubes still fall under the definition of Generation 3.

== Formats==
No single standard for the physical size and shape of image intensifier tubes exists. Instead, several different formats have been created over time.

Many older formats have since become partially or completely abandoned, as many have been designed to fit a specific housing or use case, as well as miniaturization allowing for ever smaller form factors.

Other formats, like MX-10160, have evolved to become somewhat of an industry standard, far exceeding their originally intended use case.

Manufacturers are still creating new formats, like [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]] with their 16mm format, which is even smaller and lighter than the commonly used formats.
*Mx9916 (Fat Anvis)
*MX-10130
*[[MX-10160|MX-10160 / Small Anvis / 37mm / 18mm]]
*[[MX-11769]]
*16mm

== Lifetime ==
Because image intensifiers rely on an electrochemical process to operate, they will slowly degrade with use.

The original [[MX-10160|MX-10160/AVS6]] specification defines a mean time to failure of the image intensifier of 7500 hours under normal and 1500 hours under accelerated conditions. This includes degradation in performance as well as complete failure of the assembly.

Image intensifiers are considered to have "failed" if the FOM decreases below 50% of the initial value.<sup>Source?</sup>

Gen. 2 image intensifiers loose [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]] almost linearly over their lifetime, while Gen. 3 image intensifiers have an almost constant [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]] with a sharp decrease at the end of life.<ref>Eric Garris - [[Harris]] - The Gen. 3 Advantage ([https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-gen-3-advantage-harris-gen-3-advantage-night-vision-and-communication-systems.html?page=10 https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-gen-3-advantage-harris-gen-3-advantage-night-vision-and-communication-systems.html?page=9])</ref> This means that while used Gen. 3 image intensifiers are likely to meet their original specifications, Gen. 2 image intensifiers will have a more or less lower performance compared to when they were new.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Technology]]

Template:DeviceInfoBox

2024-06-03T10:33:25Z

Admin:

<noinclude>
<templatedata>
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"type": "url"
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{{#if: {{{manufacturer|}}}|
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[[Manufacturer::{{{manufacturer}}}]] {{#if: {{{manufacturer-name|}}}| ({{{manufacturer-name}}})|}}
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<td>{{{eyepieces}}}</td>
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</includeonly>

RPNVG

2024-06-03T10:31:19Z

Admin: /* Gallery */

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle
|manufacturer=AB NightVision Inc
|image=20240530 185139.jpg
|type=Panoramic Binocular
|format=MX-10160
|fov-hor=65
|fov-ver=40
|mount=Wilcox Dovetail
|objectives=PVS-14 threaded
|eyepieces=PVS-14/AVS threaded
|weight=621
|weight-src=https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/}}

The Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle (RPNVG) is a [[Housing#Panoramic Binocular|panoramic binocular]], developed as an evolution of the [[RNVG]] by [[AB NightVision Inc]]. It was first revealed at the 2022 Shot show.

== Features ==

To accommodate the panning, the RPNVG has a wide IPD range of 57mm to 98mm. IPD adjustment is not done by turning a screw, but by pressing a push button on the front of the pod and moving it with force. This design allows much faster IPD adjustment than traditional screw methods.

To activate the panning function, pull both bridges inward.

The RPNVG also allows the pod to be instantly released from the bridge by simply lifting the latch on the end of the bridge. It can be used as a monocular by attaching a mono adapter sold separately by the manufacturer.

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="300px" heights="200px">
File:RPNVG panning.jpg|RPNVG panning
File:RPNVG front.jpg|RPNVG front
File:20240530 130330.jpg|RPNVG rear
File:Pano-Bridge-simulated-POV.jpg||Simulated Panning FOV
</gallery>

== Specifications<ref>https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/</ref> ==

* Powered by CR123 battery or external battery pack (LEMO port)
* Built in IR illuminator (PVS-7 compatible)
* Submersible to 66 feet

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Devices]]

RPNVG

2024-06-03T10:29:03Z

Admin:

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle
|manufacturer=AB NightVision Inc
|image=20240530 185139.jpg
|type=Panoramic Binocular
|format=MX-10160
|fov-hor=65
|fov-ver=40
|mount=Wilcox Dovetail
|objectives=PVS-14 threaded
|eyepieces=PVS-14/AVS threaded
|weight=621
|weight-src=https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/}}

The Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle (RPNVG) is a [[Housing#Panoramic Binocular|panoramic binocular]], developed as an evolution of the [[RNVG]] by [[AB NightVision Inc]]. It was first revealed at the 2022 Shot show.

== Features ==

To accommodate the panning, the RPNVG has a wide IPD range of 57mm to 98mm. IPD adjustment is not done by turning a screw, but by pressing a push button on the front of the pod and moving it with force. This design allows much faster IPD adjustment than traditional screw methods.

To activate the panning function, pull both bridges inward.

The RPNVG also allows the pod to be instantly released from the bridge by simply lifting the latch on the end of the bridge. It can be used as a monocular by attaching a mono adapter sold separately by the manufacturer.

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="300px" heights="200px">
File:RPNVG panning.jpg|RPNVG panning
File:RPNVG front.jpg|RPNVG front
File:20240530 130330.jpg|RPNVG rear
File:Pano-Bridge-simulated-POV.jpg||Panning FOV
</gallery>

== Specifications<ref>https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/</ref> ==

* Powered by CR123 battery or external battery pack (LEMO port)
* Built in IR illuminator (PVS-7 compatible)
* Submersible to 66 feet

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Devices]]

AN/AVS-9

2024-06-03T10:26:49Z

Admin: Clean up images

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=AN/AVS-9
|manufacturer=Elbit Systems Of America
|manufacturer-name=F4949
|page=https://www.elbitamerica.com/night-vision#F4949
|image=AVS-9 Front.jpg
|type=Binocular
|format=MX-10160
|fov-hor=40
|fov-ver=40
|mount=Ball Detent
|objectives=AVS threaded
|eyepieces=PVS-14/AVS threaded
}}

The AN/AVS-9 the [[Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS)|JETDS]] designation for the F4949 binocular night vision device developed by [[Elbit Systems Of America|Elbit Systems of America]] for aviators in the [[United States of America|U.S.]] military.

== Overview ==
The housing is compatible with [[MX-10160]] format image intensifier tubes.

The AN/AVS-9 uses the ball detent mounting system. It features no onboard power supply or on/off switch, and instead relies on the connected mount to supply the power through the contacts under the "ball" of the mount.

The housing features adjustible interpupillary distance, distance from the eye, and pitch.

=== Lenses ===
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="300px">
PVS vs AVS ocular assemblies.jpg|Comparison between AN/PVS-14 and AN/AVS-9 ocular assemblies.
ANVIS 6-9 Translating Objective Lens.jpg|ANVIS6/9 Translating Objective Lenses
</gallery>

Except for one difference, the ocular lens assemblies are almost identical and in fact compatible with [[AN/PVS-14]] ocular assemblies. The only difference is an absence of the threading for eyecups, sacrificial lenses or filters.

In contrast, the objective lenses have a different threading than the AN/PVS-14 counterparts.

Housings with this combination of lens threadings as well as the objective lenses are usually referred to as ''ANVIS-threaded''. Other ANVIS-threaded housings include the AN/AVS-6, AN/PVS-23 and the [[Fenn NG700D]], for example.

The four protrusions on each of the objective lenses are intended to allow the user to quickly adjust the focus.
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="300px">
ANVIS6-9 Specialized Tool Set.jpg|ANVIS6/9 Specialized Tool Kit
ANVIS Image.jpg|ANVIS9 Parts and Accessories
</gallery>

[[Category:Devices]]

United States Armed Forces

2024-06-03T10:17:01Z

Admin: Add direct reference to MX-10160

The United States Armed Forces are the military of the [[United States of America]].

==Image Intensifiers==
The U.S. military has an ongoing line of procurement contracts for image intensifiers called [[Omnibus]] (or Omni for short).

Furthermore, the [[MX-10160]] specifications specify the image intensifiers used for aviators.

== Devices ==
Over the decades, the U.S. military has issued many different night vision devices for different roles.

Night vision devices are designated using the [[Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS)|JETDS]] system.<ref>MIL-STD-196G http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-0100-0299/MIL-STD-196G_55809/</ref>

A list of the most noteworthy devices includes:
*[[AN/PVS-2]]
*[[AN/PVS-5]]
*[[AN/PVS-7]]
*[[AN/PVS-14]]
*[[AN/PVS-15]]
*[[AN/PVS-18]]
*[[AN/PVS-21]]
*[[AN/PVS-23]]
*[[AN/PVS-24]]
*[[AN/PVS-27]]
*[[AN/PVS-31]]
*AN/AVS-6
*[[AN/AVS-9]]
==Contractors==

The USAF use various manufacturers as contractors to produce their military equipment, including night vision.

===Cage Code===
Most pieces of equipment will feature a ''cage code'' of the manufacturer that produced it. It is often indicated by the abbreviation ''MFR'' or ''CAGE''.

===Contract Number===
As most pieces of military equipment are produced as part of a procurement contract between the government and the manufacturer, these items will often feature the procurement contract number on a label.

===Overview===
This table contains a list of contractors that produce or have produced night vision equipment or components for the U.S. military.
{| class="wikitable"
!Contractor Name
!Cage Code(s)
!Previous Names
!Comments
|-
|[[Elbit Systems Of America]]
|13567
|Exelis Inc

Harris Corporation

ITT Corporation
|Contractor for [[Omnibus]].
|-
|[[L3Harris]]
|55311
|L3 Communications Corporation

Litton Systems Inc
|Contractor for [[Omnibus]].
|-
|[[Carson Industries Inc.|Carson]]
|1XEP3
|
|
|}

=References=
<references />

MX-10160

2024-06-03T10:14:53Z

Admin:

[[File:MX10160A Front View.jpg|alt=MX10160A|thumb|An image intensifier tube labelled as MX10160A]]MX-10160 is a specification for [[Image Intensifier|image intensifier]] tubes for the [[United States Armed Forces|United States military]].

The designation is often used to refer to the physical [[Image Intensifier#Formats|format]] of the tube described inside of the specification, as all iterations of the specification reuse the same format to facilitate backwards compatibility.

This format, together with the sibling [[MX-11769]] format, are the most common formats both in military and civilian applications as of today.

== Format ==
Other names commonly used to refer to the format are:

* ''Small Anvis'' (because it was developed for [[AN/AVS-6]] binoculars)
* ''18 mm'' (because of the diameter of the core)
* ''37 mm'' (because of the diameter of the tube)

Tubes of this format utilize a fiber twist to invert the intensified image, making the lens system of compatible oculars much simpler.

The format does not support [[External Gain Adjustment Circuit (EGAC)|manual gain]]. The later introduced sibling [[MX-11769]] format as well as the gain contact subformat later added that missing feature.

=== Gain Contact Subformat ===

Especially outside of the U.S., an inofficial modification of the MX-10160 format is common that introduces a third contact inbetween the positive and negative contact for gain control.

A compatible housing connects the negative (ground) contact and the new gain contact through a potentiometer with a peak resistance of ~50 kΩ. The gain is inverse to the selected resistance of the potentiometer.

Tubes of this type can be made backwards compatible with housings designed for the original MX-10160 format by adding a thin wire between the aformentioned contacts on the tube, running the tube at maximum gain.

The image intensifier manufacturers [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]] and [[Katod]] use this format for some of their manual gain image intensifiers.

== Devices ==

The table below lists all devices using MX-10160 image intensifier tubes for which a page exists on this wiki.

{{#ask:
[[Category:Devices]]
[[Tube Format::MX-10160]]
|?Housing Type
|?Manufacturer
|?Mount
|format=table
}}

== Iterations ==

=== MX-10160/AVS-6 ===
The original MX-10160/AVS-6 specification was introduced in 1989 in the MIL-I-49428 specification. <ref>http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-I/MIL-I-49428_53852/</ref>

It consists of many requirements that designated image intensifier tubes had to meet as well as how those requirements should be tested.

The specification was cancelled in 1997 in favor of later iterations.

==== Key Specifications ====
Below is an incomplete list of key specifications that the image intensifiers have to meet.

{{TubeSpecs|res-min=36|halo-max=1.47|diam-min=17.5|mtf-4-min=8|mtf-3-min=28|mtf-2-min=58|mtf-1-min=83|obu-max=3:1|obu-min=4:1|gain-2-max=10.5K|hi-res-min=5|gain-2-min=3.5K|gain-1-max=35K|gain-1-min=20K|ebi-max=2.5|snr-min=16.2|rad-sens-2-min=60|rad-sens-1-min=100|lum-sens-min=1000|phosphor=P20}}

Some further specifications include:
* 18mm microchannel wafer
* minimum useful photocathode and [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screen]] diameter of 17.5 mm
* maximum weight of 85 grams
* image inversion
* resistance to shocks of at least 75 G's
* mean time to failure of minimum 7500 hours (minimum 1500 hours under <i>accelerated</i> conditions<ref group="Notes">Accelerated conditions differ only in shorter on-off cycles and more frequent temporary increases in input illumination.</ref>)
** under vibration and varying illumination levels
** pass criteria:
*** Gain: 10k-35k fL/fc @ 2x10<sup>-6</sup> fc
*** SNR: >= 13.60

* stability and uniformity of output brightness
* ion barrier film quality
* photocathode sensitivity
* burn-in / environmental stress screening
* vibration
* resonance search / resonance dwell / cycling
* temperature ranges / temperature cycling
* compatibility with the ANVIS monocular assembly
* reverse polarity protection
* resistance to bright lights
* allowable dark & bright spots
* veil glare
* image alignment
* electromagnetic interference
* assembly quality
* chicken wire

=== MX-10160A/AVS-6 ===
{{Unverified}}
The MX-10160A/AVS-6 (NSN 5855-01-423-1497) specification was introduced in 1995.

Northrop Grumman Electro-Optical Systems originally supplied these tubes, with their production moving into [[Litton Industries|Litton]] and [[ITT Industries|ITT]], and later [[L3]] Warrior Systems.

=== MX-10160B/AVS-6 ===
{{Unverified}}
Not much is known about the MX-10160B/AVS-6 specification, except that it was introduced around the year 2000.

Both [[Litton Industries|Litton]] and [[ITT Industries|ITT]] supplied image intensifiers for it. MX-10160B image intensifiers produced by [[Litton Industries|Litton]] were the first [[Image Intensifier#Filmless|filmless]] contract image intensifiers, while [[ITT Industries|ITT]] produced thin-filmed image intensifiers.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Specifications for Litton<ref>http://aunv.blackice.com.au/userfiles/david-mx10160B.pdf</ref>
!Performance parameters
!Units of measurement
!Values
|-
|[[Resolution]]
|lp/mm
|57 - 72
|-
|Highlight Resolution
|@20fc, lp/mm
|32 - 36
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Photocathode Sensitivity]]
|28560 K, uA/lm
|1,500 - 2,100
|-
|@ 830 nm, mA/W
|77 - 200
|-
|@ 880 nm, mA/W
|30 - 100
|-
|[[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|Signal to Noise Ratio]]
|
|20.6 - 36.0
|-
|EBI
|1 x 10<sup>-11</sup> lm/cm<sup>2</sup>
|0.5 - 2.5
|-
|[[Gain#Luminance Gain|Luminous Gain]]
|fl/fc @2 x 10<sup>-6</sup> fc
|30K - 80K
|-
|Output Brightness
|@1 and 20 fc
|2.0 - 4.0
|-
|[[Halo]]
|mm
|0.4 - 1.25
|-
|Output Brightness Uniformity
|@2856 K
|3:1 - 2:1
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)|MTF]]
|% @15.0 lp/mm
|61%+
|-
|% @25.0 lp/mm
|38%+
|-
|Photocathode Diameter
|mm
|17.0 - 17.5
|-
|[[Phosphor Screen|Phosphor]]
|
|P22, P43
|}

=== MX-10160C/AVS6 ===
The MX-10160C/AVS-6 specification was introduced on 17. October 2003 in the MIL-PRF-A3279602B specification.<ref>https://govtribe.com/file/government-file/fa853309r22222-mil-prf-a3279602b-dot-pdf</ref>

On 22. April 2010 the first MX-10160C/AVS-6 tubes with a halo of less than 0.85mm were accepted.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230110205422/https://govtribe.com/award/federal-contract-award/delivery-order-w15p7t04aj208-0034</ref> On 1. September 2010 the halo specification was revised from 0.70mm to 0.85mm.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230110213327/https://govtribe.com/award/federal-idv-award/indefinite-delivery-contract-w15p7t04aj208</ref> There are rumors, that ITT had measured the halo values as too small for some time.
* MIL-PRF-A3279602B (17 October 2003)
* Low distortion fiber optic output, +-1 deg image inversion
* Minimum specs:
** Image alignment offset max 0.006 inch
** Halo: early models max halo 0.70mm, later models with revised spec max 0.85mm
** Electromagnetic interference (EMI): The assembly, when properly incorporated within a certified AN/AVS-6 system shall comply with the EMI requirements as specified in MIL-PRF-A3279454(CR) or MIL-PRF-49425.
** Reliability: the assembly shall have a minimum mean time to failure of not less than 12,500 hours (2,500 hours accelerated)
{| class="wikitable"
!Performance parameters
!Units of measurement
!Values
|-
|[[Resolution]]
|lp/mm
|64+
|-
|Highlight Resolution
|@20fc, lp/mm
|45+
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Photocathode Sensitivity]]
|28560 K, uA/lm
|2200+
|-
|@ 830 nm, mA/W
|240+
|-
|@ 880 nm, mA/W
|120+
|-
|[[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|Signal to Noise Ratio]]
|
|28+
|-
|EBI
|1 x 10<sup>-11</sup> lm/cm<sup>2</sup>
|2.5-
|-
|[[Gain#Luminance Gain|Luminous Gain]]
|fl/fc @2 x 10<sup>-6</sup> fc
|50K - 80K
|-
|Output Brightness
|@1 and 20 fc
|
|-
|[[Halo]]
|mm
|early: 0.70
later: 0.85
|-
|[[Phosphor Screen|Phosphor]]
|
|P43
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Spot spec
!Size in inches, at zone
!1
!2
!3
|-
|0.009 or larger
|0
|0
|0
|-
|0.006 to 0.009
|0
|0
|1
|-
|0.003 to 0.006
|0
|0
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+End-of-life specs (threshold specs at 12,500h)
!Requirement
!Acceptance level
|-
|Luminance gain at 2x10^-6 fc
|35k to 95k fL/fc
|-
|EBI
|2.5
|-
|SNR
|23 minimum
|-
|Center resolution
|64lp/mm minimum
|-
|Bright-light level center res.
|36lp/mm minimum
|-
|Useful cathode diameter
|17.5mm minimum
|-
|Output brightness uniformity
|Within normal spec
|-
|Screen quality
|Within normal spec
|}

== Other ==
Below is a list of other known MX-10160 contract iterations for which currently no information is available

*
* MX-10160GS
* MX-10160WG
* MX-10160FG

== Notes ==
<references group="Notes" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Specifications]]

MX-10160

2024-06-03T10:13:56Z

Admin: Add some links

[[File:MX10160A Front View.jpg|alt=MX10160A|thumb|An image intensifier tube labelled as MX10160A]]MX-10160 is a specification for [[Image Intensifier|image intensifier]] tubes for the [[United States Armed Forces|United States military]].

The designation is often used to refer to the physical format of the tube described inside of the specification, as all iterations of the specification reuse the same format to facilitate backwards compatibility.

This format, together with the sibling [[MX-11769]] format, are the most common formats both in military and civilian applications as of today.

== Format ==
Other names commonly used to refer to the format are:

* ''Small Anvis'' (because it was developed for [[AN/AVS-6]] binoculars)
* ''18 mm'' (because of the diameter of the core)
* ''37 mm'' (because of the diameter of the tube)

Tubes of this format utilize a fiber twist to invert the intensified image, making the lens system of compatible oculars much simpler.

The format does not support [[External Gain Adjustment Circuit (EGAC)|manual gain]]. The later introduced sibling [[MX-11769]] format as well as the gain contact subformat later added that missing feature.

=== Gain Contact Subformat ===

Especially outside of the U.S., an inofficial modification of the MX-10160 format is common that introduces a third contact inbetween the positive and negative contact for gain control.

A compatible housing connects the negative (ground) contact and the new gain contact through a potentiometer with a peak resistance of ~50 kΩ. The gain is inverse to the selected resistance of the potentiometer.

Tubes of this type can be made backwards compatible with housings designed for the original MX-10160 format by adding a thin wire between the aformentioned contacts on the tube, running the tube at maximum gain.

The image intensifier manufacturers [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]] and [[Katod]] use this format for some of their manual gain image intensifiers.

== Devices ==

The table below lists all devices using MX-10160 image intensifier tubes for which a page exists on this wiki.

{{#ask:
[[Category:Devices]]
[[Tube Format::MX-10160]]
|?Housing Type
|?Manufacturer
|?Mount
|format=table
}}

== Iterations ==

=== MX-10160/AVS-6 ===
The original MX-10160/AVS-6 specification was introduced in 1989 in the MIL-I-49428 specification. <ref>http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-I/MIL-I-49428_53852/</ref>

It consists of many requirements that designated image intensifier tubes had to meet as well as how those requirements should be tested.

The specification was cancelled in 1997 in favor of later iterations.

==== Key Specifications ====
Below is an incomplete list of key specifications that the image intensifiers have to meet.

{{TubeSpecs|res-min=36|halo-max=1.47|diam-min=17.5|mtf-4-min=8|mtf-3-min=28|mtf-2-min=58|mtf-1-min=83|obu-max=3:1|obu-min=4:1|gain-2-max=10.5K|hi-res-min=5|gain-2-min=3.5K|gain-1-max=35K|gain-1-min=20K|ebi-max=2.5|snr-min=16.2|rad-sens-2-min=60|rad-sens-1-min=100|lum-sens-min=1000|phosphor=P20}}

Some further specifications include:
* 18mm microchannel wafer
* minimum useful photocathode and [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screen]] diameter of 17.5 mm
* maximum weight of 85 grams
* image inversion
* resistance to shocks of at least 75 G's
* mean time to failure of minimum 7500 hours (minimum 1500 hours under <i>accelerated</i> conditions<ref group="Notes">Accelerated conditions differ only in shorter on-off cycles and more frequent temporary increases in input illumination.</ref>)
** under vibration and varying illumination levels
** pass criteria:
*** Gain: 10k-35k fL/fc @ 2x10<sup>-6</sup> fc
*** SNR: >= 13.60

* stability and uniformity of output brightness
* ion barrier film quality
* photocathode sensitivity
* burn-in / environmental stress screening
* vibration
* resonance search / resonance dwell / cycling
* temperature ranges / temperature cycling
* compatibility with the ANVIS monocular assembly
* reverse polarity protection
* resistance to bright lights
* allowable dark & bright spots
* veil glare
* image alignment
* electromagnetic interference
* assembly quality
* chicken wire

=== MX-10160A/AVS-6 ===
{{Unverified}}
The MX-10160A/AVS-6 (NSN 5855-01-423-1497) specification was introduced in 1995.

Northrop Grumman Electro-Optical Systems originally supplied these tubes, with their production moving into [[Litton Industries|Litton]] and [[ITT Industries|ITT]], and later [[L3]] Warrior Systems.

=== MX-10160B/AVS-6 ===
{{Unverified}}
Not much is known about the MX-10160B/AVS-6 specification, except that it was introduced around the year 2000.

Both [[Litton Industries|Litton]] and [[ITT Industries|ITT]] supplied image intensifiers for it. MX-10160B image intensifiers produced by [[Litton Industries|Litton]] were the first [[Image Intensifier#Filmless|filmless]] contract image intensifiers, while [[ITT Industries|ITT]] produced thin-filmed image intensifiers.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Specifications for Litton<ref>http://aunv.blackice.com.au/userfiles/david-mx10160B.pdf</ref>
!Performance parameters
!Units of measurement
!Values
|-
|[[Resolution]]
|lp/mm
|57 - 72
|-
|Highlight Resolution
|@20fc, lp/mm
|32 - 36
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Photocathode Sensitivity]]
|28560 K, uA/lm
|1,500 - 2,100
|-
|@ 830 nm, mA/W
|77 - 200
|-
|@ 880 nm, mA/W
|30 - 100
|-
|[[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|Signal to Noise Ratio]]
|
|20.6 - 36.0
|-
|EBI
|1 x 10<sup>-11</sup> lm/cm<sup>2</sup>
|0.5 - 2.5
|-
|[[Gain#Luminance Gain|Luminous Gain]]
|fl/fc @2 x 10<sup>-6</sup> fc
|30K - 80K
|-
|Output Brightness
|@1 and 20 fc
|2.0 - 4.0
|-
|[[Halo]]
|mm
|0.4 - 1.25
|-
|Output Brightness Uniformity
|@2856 K
|3:1 - 2:1
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)|MTF]]
|% @15.0 lp/mm
|61%+
|-
|% @25.0 lp/mm
|38%+
|-
|Photocathode Diameter
|mm
|17.0 - 17.5
|-
|[[Phosphor Screen|Phosphor]]
|
|P22, P43
|}

=== MX-10160C/AVS6 ===
The MX-10160C/AVS-6 specification was introduced on 17. October 2003 in the MIL-PRF-A3279602B specification.<ref>https://govtribe.com/file/government-file/fa853309r22222-mil-prf-a3279602b-dot-pdf</ref>

On 22. April 2010 the first MX-10160C/AVS-6 tubes with a halo of less than 0.85mm were accepted.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230110205422/https://govtribe.com/award/federal-contract-award/delivery-order-w15p7t04aj208-0034</ref> On 1. September 2010 the halo specification was revised from 0.70mm to 0.85mm.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230110213327/https://govtribe.com/award/federal-idv-award/indefinite-delivery-contract-w15p7t04aj208</ref> There are rumors, that ITT had measured the halo values as too small for some time.
* MIL-PRF-A3279602B (17 October 2003)
* Low distortion fiber optic output, +-1 deg image inversion
* Minimum specs:
** Image alignment offset max 0.006 inch
** Halo: early models max halo 0.70mm, later models with revised spec max 0.85mm
** Electromagnetic interference (EMI): The assembly, when properly incorporated within a certified AN/AVS-6 system shall comply with the EMI requirements as specified in MIL-PRF-A3279454(CR) or MIL-PRF-49425.
** Reliability: the assembly shall have a minimum mean time to failure of not less than 12,500 hours (2,500 hours accelerated)
{| class="wikitable"
!Performance parameters
!Units of measurement
!Values
|-
|[[Resolution]]
|lp/mm
|64+
|-
|Highlight Resolution
|@20fc, lp/mm
|45+
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Photocathode Sensitivity]]
|28560 K, uA/lm
|2200+
|-
|@ 830 nm, mA/W
|240+
|-
|@ 880 nm, mA/W
|120+
|-
|[[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|Signal to Noise Ratio]]
|
|28+
|-
|EBI
|1 x 10<sup>-11</sup> lm/cm<sup>2</sup>
|2.5-
|-
|[[Gain#Luminance Gain|Luminous Gain]]
|fl/fc @2 x 10<sup>-6</sup> fc
|50K - 80K
|-
|Output Brightness
|@1 and 20 fc
|
|-
|[[Halo]]
|mm
|early: 0.70
later: 0.85
|-
|[[Phosphor Screen|Phosphor]]
|
|P43
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Spot spec
!Size in inches, at zone
!1
!2
!3
|-
|0.009 or larger
|0
|0
|0
|-
|0.006 to 0.009
|0
|0
|1
|-
|0.003 to 0.006
|0
|0
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+End-of-life specs (threshold specs at 12,500h)
!Requirement
!Acceptance level
|-
|Luminance gain at 2x10^-6 fc
|35k to 95k fL/fc
|-
|EBI
|2.5
|-
|SNR
|23 minimum
|-
|Center resolution
|64lp/mm minimum
|-
|Bright-light level center res.
|36lp/mm minimum
|-
|Useful cathode diameter
|17.5mm minimum
|-
|Output brightness uniformity
|Within normal spec
|-
|Screen quality
|Within normal spec
|}

== Other ==
Below is a list of other known MX-10160 contract iterations for which currently no information is available

*
* MX-10160GS
* MX-10160WG
* MX-10160FG

== Notes ==
<references group="Notes" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Specifications]]

MX-10160

2024-06-03T10:12:37Z

Admin: Add more info to mean time to failure

[[File:MX10160A Front View.jpg|alt=MX10160A|thumb|An image intensifier tube labelled as MX10160A]]MX-10160 is a specification for image intensifier tubes for the United States military.

The designation is often used to refer to the physical format of the tube described inside of the specification, as all iterations of the specification reuse the same format to facilitate backwards compatibility.

This format, together with the sibling [[MX-11769]] format, are the most common formats both in military and civilian applications as of today.

== Format ==
Other names commonly used to refer to the format are:

* ''Small Anvis'' (because it was developed for [[AN/AVS-6]] binoculars)
* ''18 mm'' (because of the diameter of the core)
* ''37 mm'' (because of the diameter of the tube)

Tubes of this format utilize a fiber twist to invert the intensified image, making the lens system of compatible oculars much simpler.

The format does not support [[External Gain Adjustment Circuit (EGAC)|manual gain]]. The later introduced sibling [[MX-11769]] format as well as the gain contact subformat later added that missing feature.

=== Gain Contact Subformat ===

Especially outside of the U.S., an inofficial modification of the MX-10160 format is common that introduces a third contact inbetween the positive and negative contact for gain control.

A compatible housing connects the negative (ground) contact and the new gain contact through a potentiometer with a peak resistance of ~50 kΩ. The gain is inverse to the selected resistance of the potentiometer.

Tubes of this type can be made backwards compatible with housings designed for the original MX-10160 format by adding a thin wire between the aformentioned contacts on the tube, running the tube at maximum gain.

The image intensifier manufacturers [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]] and [[Katod]] use this format for some of their manual gain image intensifiers.

== Devices ==

The table below lists all devices using MX-10160 image intensifier tubes for which a page exists on this wiki.

{{#ask:
[[Category:Devices]]
[[Tube Format::MX-10160]]
|?Housing Type
|?Manufacturer
|?Mount
|format=table
}}

== Iterations ==

=== MX-10160/AVS-6 ===
The original MX-10160/AVS-6 specification was introduced in 1989 in the MIL-I-49428 specification. <ref>http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-I/MIL-I-49428_53852/</ref>

It consists of many requirements that designated image intensifier tubes had to meet as well as how those requirements should be tested.

The specification was cancelled in 1997 in favor of later iterations.

==== Key Specifications ====
Below is an incomplete list of key specifications that the image intensifiers have to meet.

{{TubeSpecs|res-min=36|halo-max=1.47|diam-min=17.5|mtf-4-min=8|mtf-3-min=28|mtf-2-min=58|mtf-1-min=83|obu-max=3:1|obu-min=4:1|gain-2-max=10.5K|hi-res-min=5|gain-2-min=3.5K|gain-1-max=35K|gain-1-min=20K|ebi-max=2.5|snr-min=16.2|rad-sens-2-min=60|rad-sens-1-min=100|lum-sens-min=1000|phosphor=P20}}

Some further specifications include:
* 18mm microchannel wafer
* minimum useful photocathode and [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screen]] diameter of 17.5 mm
* maximum weight of 85 grams
* image inversion
* resistance to shocks of at least 75 G's
* mean time to failure of minimum 7500 hours (minimum 1500 hours under <i>accelerated</i> conditions<ref group="Notes">Accelerated conditions differ only in shorter on-off cycles and more frequent temporary increases in input illumination.</ref>)
** under vibration and varying illumination levels
** pass criteria:
*** Gain: 10k-35k fL/fc @ 2x10<sup>-6</sup> fc
*** SNR: >= 13.60

* stability and uniformity of output brightness
* ion barrier film quality
* photocathode sensitivity
* burn-in / environmental stress screening
* vibration
* resonance search / resonance dwell / cycling
* temperature ranges / temperature cycling
* compatibility with the ANVIS monocular assembly
* reverse polarity protection
* resistance to bright lights
* allowable dark & bright spots
* veil glare
* image alignment
* electromagnetic interference
* assembly quality
* chicken wire

=== MX-10160A/AVS-6 ===
{{Unverified}}
The MX-10160A/AVS-6 (NSN 5855-01-423-1497) specification was introduced in 1995.

Northrop Grumman Electro-Optical Systems originally supplied these tubes, with their production moving into [[Litton Industries|Litton]] and [[ITT Industries|ITT]], and later [[L3]] Warrior Systems.

=== MX-10160B/AVS-6 ===
{{Unverified}}
Not much is known about the MX-10160B/AVS-6 specification, except that it was introduced around the year 2000.

Both [[Litton Industries|Litton]] and [[ITT Industries|ITT]] supplied image intensifiers for it. MX-10160B image intensifiers produced by [[Litton Industries|Litton]] were the first [[Image Intensifier#Filmless|filmless]] contract image intensifiers, while [[ITT Industries|ITT]] produced thin-filmed image intensifiers.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Specifications for Litton<ref>http://aunv.blackice.com.au/userfiles/david-mx10160B.pdf</ref>
!Performance parameters
!Units of measurement
!Values
|-
|[[Resolution]]
|lp/mm
|57 - 72
|-
|Highlight Resolution
|@20fc, lp/mm
|32 - 36
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Photocathode Sensitivity]]
|28560 K, uA/lm
|1,500 - 2,100
|-
|@ 830 nm, mA/W
|77 - 200
|-
|@ 880 nm, mA/W
|30 - 100
|-
|[[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|Signal to Noise Ratio]]
|
|20.6 - 36.0
|-
|EBI
|1 x 10<sup>-11</sup> lm/cm<sup>2</sup>
|0.5 - 2.5
|-
|[[Gain#Luminance Gain|Luminous Gain]]
|fl/fc @2 x 10<sup>-6</sup> fc
|30K - 80K
|-
|Output Brightness
|@1 and 20 fc
|2.0 - 4.0
|-
|[[Halo]]
|mm
|0.4 - 1.25
|-
|Output Brightness Uniformity
|@2856 K
|3:1 - 2:1
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)|MTF]]
|% @15.0 lp/mm
|61%+
|-
|% @25.0 lp/mm
|38%+
|-
|Photocathode Diameter
|mm
|17.0 - 17.5
|-
|[[Phosphor Screen|Phosphor]]
|
|P22, P43
|}

=== MX-10160C/AVS6 ===
The MX-10160C/AVS-6 specification was introduced on 17. October 2003 in the MIL-PRF-A3279602B specification.<ref>https://govtribe.com/file/government-file/fa853309r22222-mil-prf-a3279602b-dot-pdf</ref>

On 22. April 2010 the first MX-10160C/AVS-6 tubes with a halo of less than 0.85mm were accepted.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230110205422/https://govtribe.com/award/federal-contract-award/delivery-order-w15p7t04aj208-0034</ref> On 1. September 2010 the halo specification was revised from 0.70mm to 0.85mm.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230110213327/https://govtribe.com/award/federal-idv-award/indefinite-delivery-contract-w15p7t04aj208</ref> There are rumors, that ITT had measured the halo values as too small for some time.
* MIL-PRF-A3279602B (17 October 2003)
* Low distortion fiber optic output, +-1 deg image inversion
* Minimum specs:
** Image alignment offset max 0.006 inch
** Halo: early models max halo 0.70mm, later models with revised spec max 0.85mm
** Electromagnetic interference (EMI): The assembly, when properly incorporated within a certified AN/AVS-6 system shall comply with the EMI requirements as specified in MIL-PRF-A3279454(CR) or MIL-PRF-49425.
** Reliability: the assembly shall have a minimum mean time to failure of not less than 12,500 hours (2,500 hours accelerated)
{| class="wikitable"
!Performance parameters
!Units of measurement
!Values
|-
|[[Resolution]]
|lp/mm
|64+
|-
|Highlight Resolution
|@20fc, lp/mm
|45+
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Photocathode Sensitivity]]
|28560 K, uA/lm
|2200+
|-
|@ 830 nm, mA/W
|240+
|-
|@ 880 nm, mA/W
|120+
|-
|[[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|Signal to Noise Ratio]]
|
|28+
|-
|EBI
|1 x 10<sup>-11</sup> lm/cm<sup>2</sup>
|2.5-
|-
|[[Gain#Luminance Gain|Luminous Gain]]
|fl/fc @2 x 10<sup>-6</sup> fc
|50K - 80K
|-
|Output Brightness
|@1 and 20 fc
|
|-
|[[Halo]]
|mm
|early: 0.70
later: 0.85
|-
|[[Phosphor Screen|Phosphor]]
|
|P43
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Spot spec
!Size in inches, at zone
!1
!2
!3
|-
|0.009 or larger
|0
|0
|0
|-
|0.006 to 0.009
|0
|0
|1
|-
|0.003 to 0.006
|0
|0
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+End-of-life specs (threshold specs at 12,500h)
!Requirement
!Acceptance level
|-
|Luminance gain at 2x10^-6 fc
|35k to 95k fL/fc
|-
|EBI
|2.5
|-
|SNR
|23 minimum
|-
|Center resolution
|64lp/mm minimum
|-
|Bright-light level center res.
|36lp/mm minimum
|-
|Useful cathode diameter
|17.5mm minimum
|-
|Output brightness uniformity
|Within normal spec
|-
|Screen quality
|Within normal spec
|}

== Other ==
Below is a list of other known MX-10160 contract iterations for which currently no information is available

*
* MX-10160GS
* MX-10160WG
* MX-10160FG

== Notes ==
<references group="Notes" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Specifications]]

Image Intensifier

2024-06-03T10:03:24Z

Admin: Lifetime

An image intensifier (abbreviation: II or I²) is an electro-optical component that can produce an intensified monochrome image on a [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screen]] from a cone of incoming light, intended to intensify the signal beyond what optics and digital sensors are capable of.

In the field of night vision, image intensifier refers to image intensifier ''tubes'' which are miniaturized image intensifiers (usually in tubular shape) that form the core component of any night vision device.

Image intensifier tubes are inserted into a housing that otherwise only provides optics, power supply, and protection of the sensitive component. Many formats of image intensifier tubes are designed to be exchangable with limited tooling and know-how, originally intended to allow armies to replace damaged image intensifier tubes by an engineer during deployment.

== Generations ==
The U.S. Army's Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) categorizes image intensifiers into four distinct generations. With each generation, a change in the technology has lead to substantial performance improvements.<ref>Night Vision Technologies Handbook https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/NV-Tech-HB_1013-508.pdf</ref>

Although the generation of any given image intensifier will quickly provide a rough understanding of what to expect from it, it is not a replacement for accurate performance parameters (e.g. [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]], [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]], [[Gain]]), as these can vary wildly for different image intensifiers of the same generation. The relevant agencies of the U.S. government have since recognized this circumstance and have mostly stopped using generations to refer to image intensifiers in their specifications, and instead use the [[Figure of Merit (FOM)]] for most purposes.

Some manufacturers and retailers use a ''+'' to indicate intra-generational improvements, e.g. ''Gen. 2+''. This practice is not part of the official specification and can be defined differently by anyone.

=== Generation 0 ===
Generation 0 was invented in 1929 by a Hungarian scientist in the UK. First uses where in World War II by the Germans, later the Soviets and the Americans.

Gen. 0 tubes don't have any or only very low [[gain]] of a around 10 and thus rely on strong IR illumination.

Gen. 0 tubes utilize S-1 photocathodes, that have a quantum efficiency of 0.5% in the IR spectrum and 1% in the UV spectrum.

'''Examples of Gen 0 devices'''

*Vampir
*M2 & M3 Sniperscope
*PNV57A

=== Generation 1===
Generation 1, developed and patented in the 1960s, improved the gain to around 1000 fL/fc. This enabled the use of Gen. 1 devices under moonlight conditions without the use of IR illumination.

Later developments include the glass in the body being replaced with ceramic, improving the gain even further. These devices are sometimes referred to as Gen. 1+.

Some devices used multiple tubes in a cascade configuration, leading to improvements in [[gain]] of up to 100,000 fL/fc, but with very low [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]].

'''Examples of Gen 1 devices'''

*AN/PAS 2 Starlight
* [[Armasight]] Spark

Russian Gen. 1 tubes made by [[Ekran FEP|Ekran]] are also found in most cheap consumer devices.

===Generation 2===

The Generation 2 was developed in the 1970s and was the first generation using a [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)]], which substantially increased the [[gain]] to around 20k fL/fc. During this time, due to drastic innovations in the semiconductor space, the first widespread integration of the [[Power Supply Unit (PSU)|PSU]] with the tube in a single, modern package appears.

Generation 2 IITs are usually produced with either P20, P22, P43 or P45 [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screens]].

Some manufacturers, like [[Photonis Technologies SAS|Photonis]], have continued developing their Gen. 2 technology without ever developing a Gen. 3 production line. Nontheless they have succeeded in pushing the envelope with their image intensifiers matching Gen. 3 performance, most recently even producing image intensifiers with [[gain]] levels above 60k fL/fc.

'''Examples of Gen 2 devices'''

*[[Simrad GN-1|GN-1]] employed Gen 2 IIT upon release.

===Generation 3===
{{Unverified}}
The photocathode is made using gallium arsenide and the refined [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)|MCP]] technology is coated with an Aluminum oxide layer called ion barrier film to prolong the tubes functional life by preventing the occasionally released ion to damage the [[Microchannel Plate (MCP)|MCP]], a process called ion-poisoning which drastically diminishes the plates functional lifespan. The downside of this ion film is that it somewhat restricts the amount of electrons that pass through it thereby detracting some of the intensification. The so called haloing-effect was also increased by this film, something that lessens the practical performance since it may obscure parts of what is being observed.

Subsequent development of the technology led to "thin-film" tubes among other solutions to lessen the impact of the ion barrier on gain and resolution. Since the beginnings of thin-film IIT it has become so commonplace that instead of being singled out as having thin ion barrier film the earlier image intensifiers are nowadays referred to as "thick-film" instead.

Gen. 3 tubes are usually produced with either P43 or P45 [[Phosphor Screen|phosphor screens]]. [[Adams Industries]] sold a Sentinel-CNV "color" night vision binocular where each optical channel had differently filtered input, each channel seeing different parts of the spectrum, and output as two colors, with one side having a red phosphor<ref>https://www.adamsindustries.com/</ref> screen, with green P43 on the other.

Gen 3 image intensifier [[gain]] is often set in the range of 40k to 80k fL/fc. High gain variants are set to 100k to 120k fL/fc.

'''Examples of Gen 3 devices'''

*[[AN/PVS-14]]
*[[AN/PVS-31]]
*[[MNV-K]]
*[[Excelitas Kite Mk. 4]]

====Filmless====
As a logical next step, manufacturers such as [[Litton Industries|Litton]] (now [[L3Harris]]) began developing third generation image intensifiers without an ion barrier film in the 1990s. Albeit successful in creating even higher performing image intensifiers, the early iterations suffered from shorter lifespans and less durability in addition to higher production cost. The first [[Omnibus]] containing filmless image intensifiers was Omni V. Both [[ITT Industries|ITT]] and [[Litton Industries|Litton]] (NGEOS) were given contracts for Gen 4 [[MX-10160#MX-10160B/AVS-6|MX-10160B]] tubes. There is some evidence that Litton achieved filmless image intensifiers that reached [[Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)|SNR]] figures over 35, with the lifetime being around 7500 hours which was also the required minimum. It is unclear what exactly happened, and why the Gen 4 designation was dropped. On their webpage [[ITT Industries|ITT]] wrote about the development of the so called Pinnacle technology<ref>Gen 4, Omni V and VI, and Pinnacle technology https://web.archive.org/web/20060324232309/http://www.nightvision.com/military/cs_gen3pinnacle.html</ref>, an autogated image intensifier tube with a thinner ion barrier film, where they mention receiving a $40mil Navy order for filmless [[AN/AVS-9|F4949]] sets. ITT writes they could not keep up with the requirements, and the U.S. Navy reverted back to buying the older Omni IV regular ion barrier image intensifier tubes. [[Litton Industries|Litton]], later [[L3]], continued developing filmless technology. During the next 10 to 15 years the U.S. military bought [[L3]] filmless image intensifier tubes for special use cases. Probably the best known early example is the [[AN/PVS-15]] that used [[L3]] manufactured filmless technology [[MX-10160#MX-10160B/AVS-6|MX-10160B]]<nowiki/>s (also filmless MX-10160WG), NSN (5855-01-548-9651) assigned on 8 Mar 2007.

[[L3Harris]] stands out as the sole western producer of filmless image intensifier tubes, having patented the process. The only other eastern producer is [[Ekran FEP]].

=== Generation 4 ===
The official specification does not include Generation 4 any more, as even the most modern filmless image intensifier tubes still fall under the definition of Generation 3.

== Formats==

*Mx9916 (Fat Anvis)
*MX-10130
*[[MX-10160|MX-10160 / Small Anvis / 37mm / 18mm]]
*[[MX-11769]]
*16mm

== Lifetime ==
Because image intensifiers rely on an electrochemical process to operate, they will slowly degrade with use.

The original [[MX-10160|MX-10160/AVS6]] specification defines a mean time to failure of the image intensifier of 7500 hours under normal and 1500 hours under accelerated conditions. This includes degradation in performance as well as complete failure of the assembly.

Image intensifiers are considered to have "failed" if the FOM decreases below 50% of the initial value.<sup>Source?</sup>

Gen. 2 image intensifiers loose [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]] almost linearly over their lifetime, while Gen. 3 image intensifiers have an almost constant [[Figure of Merit (FOM)|FOM]] with a sharp decrease at the end of life.<ref>Eric Garris - [[Harris]] - The Gen. 3 Advantage ([https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-gen-3-advantage-harris-gen-3-advantage-night-vision-and-communication-systems.html?page=10 https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-gen-3-advantage-harris-gen-3-advantage-night-vision-and-communication-systems.html?page=9])</ref> This means that while used Gen. 3 image intensifiers are likely to meet their original specifications, Gen. 2 image intensifiers will have a more or less lower performance compared to when they were new.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Technology]]

RPNVG

2024-05-30T16:52:53Z

Admin: Fix grammar

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle
|manufacturer=AB NightVision Inc
|image=20240530 185139.jpg
|type=Panoramic Binocular
|format=MX-10160
|fov-hor=65
|fov-ver=40
|mount=Wilcox Dovetail
|objectives=PVS-14 threaded
|eyepieces=PVS-14/AVS threaded
|weight=621
|weight-src=https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/}}

The Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle (RPNVG) is a [[Housing#Panoramic Binocular|panoramic binocular]], developed as an evolution of the [[RNVG]] by [[AB NightVision Inc]]. It was first revealed at the 2022 Shot show.

== Features ==

To accommodate the panning, the RPNVG has a wide IPD range of 57mm to 98mm. IPD adjustment is not done by turning a screw, but by pressing a push button on the front of the pod and moving it with force. This design allows much faster IPD adjustment than traditional screw methods.

To activate the panning function, pull both bridges inward.

The RPNVG also allows the pod to be instantly released from the bridge by simply lifting the latch on the end of the bridge. It can be used as a monocular by attaching a mono adapter sold separately by the manufacturer.

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="300px" heights="200px">
File:RPNVG panning.jpg|RPNVG panning
File:RPNVG front.jpg|RPNVG front
File:20240530 130330.jpg|RPNVG rear
File:Pano-Bridge-simulated-POV.jpg||Panning FOV
</gallery>

== Specifications<ref>https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/</ref> ==

* Powered by CR123 battery or external battery pack (LEMO port)
* Built in IR illuminator (PVS-7 compatible)
* Submersible to 66 feet

== References ==
<references/>

RPNVG

2024-05-30T12:46:58Z

Admin:

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle
|manufacturer=AB NightVision Inc
|image=20240530 185139.jpg
|type=Panoramic Binocular
|format=MX-10160
|fov-hor=65
|fov-ver=40
|mount=Wilcox Dovetail
|objectives=PVS-14 threaded
|eyepieces=PVS-14/AVS threaded
|weight=621
|weight-src=https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/}}

The Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle (RPNVG) is a [[Housing#Panoramic Binocular|panoramic binocular]], developed as an evolution of the [[RNVG]] by [[AB NightVision Inc]]. It was first revealed at the 2022 Shot show.

== Features ==

To accomodate the panning, the RPNVG has a wide IPD value of 57mm to 98mm. IPD adjustment is not done by turning a screw, but by pressing a push button on the front of the pod and moving it with force. This design allows much faster IPD adjustment than traditional screw methods.

To activate the panning function, pull both bridges inward.

The RPNVG also allows the pod to be instantly released from the bridge by simply lifting the latch on the end of the bridge. It can be used as a monocular by attaching a mono adapter sold separately by the manufacturer.

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="300px" heights="200px">
File:RPNVG panning.jpg|RPNVG panning
File:RPNVG front.jpg|RPNVG front
File:20240530 130330.jpg|RPNVG rear
File:Pano-Bridge-simulated-POV.jpg||Panning FOV
</gallery>

== Specifications<ref>https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/</ref> ==

* Powered by CR123 battery or external battery pack (LEMO port)
* Built in IR illuminator (PVS-7 compatible)
* Submersible to 66 feet

== References ==
<references/>

RPNVG

2024-05-30T12:45:53Z

Admin:

{{DeviceInfoBox
|name=Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle
|manufacturer=AB NightVision Inc
|image=20240530 185139.jpg
|type=Panoramic Binocular
|format=MX-10160
|fov-hor=40
|fov-ver=40
|mount=Wilcox Dovetail
|objectives=PVS-14 threaded
|eyepieces=PVS-14/AVS threaded
|weight=621
|weight-src=https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/}}

The Ruggedized Panoramic Night Vision Goggle (RPNVG) is a [[Housing#Panoramic Binocular|panoramic binocular]], developed as an evolution of the [[RNVG]] by [[AB NightVision Inc]]. It was first revealed at the 2022 Shot show.

== Features ==

To accomodate the panning, the RPNVG has a wide IPD value of 57mm to 98mm. IPD adjustment is not done by turning a screw, but by pressing a push button on the front of the pod and moving it with force. This design allows much faster IPD adjustment than traditional screw methods.

To activate the panning function, pull both bridges inward.

The RPNVG also allows the pod to be instantly released from the bridge by simply lifting the latch on the end of the bridge. It can be used as a monocular by attaching a mono adapter sold separately by the manufacturer.

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="300px" heights="200px">
File:RPNVG panning.jpg|RPNVG panning
File:RPNVG front.jpg|RPNVG front
File:20240530 130330.jpg|RPNVG rear
File:Pano-Bridge-simulated-POV.jpg||Panning FOV
</gallery>

== Specifications<ref>https://nvincorporated.com/product/ab-night-vision-rpnvg/</ref> ==

* Powered by CR123 battery or external battery pack (LEMO port)
* Built in IR illuminator (PVS-7 compatible)
* Submersible to 66 feet

== References ==
<references/>

Property:Housing Type

2024-05-30T12:42:58Z

Admin:

Type: [[Has type::Keyword]]

* [[Allows value::Bi-ocular]]
* [[Allows value::Binocular]]
* [[Allows value::Monocular]]
* [[Allows value::Scope]]
* [[Allows value::Panoramic]]
* [[Allows value::Panoramic Binocular]]

Housing

2024-05-30T12:41:53Z

Admin: /* Binocular Panoramic */

This wiki currently differentiates the following [[Property:Housing Type|housing types]]: {{#show: Property:Housing Type |?Allows value}}.
[[File:Night vision device diagram.png|thumb|333x333px|A diagram depicting the image seen with bioculars, monocular and binoculars]]

== Monocular ==
A monocular housing consists of one objective lens, one image intensifier, and one eyepiece. It is worn in front of one eye.

=== Advantages ===

* Least expensive
* Lowest weight
* One eye free<ref group="Note">Using the unaided eye without having to take off the device is advantageous in some situations:

*Environments with dynamic lighting, where the brighter areas can be observed without restriction

*Focusing on nearby objects, given enough light, requires no focus adjustment (maps, text, electronic devices, signs, ...)

*Aiming a weapon is less cumbersome</ref>

=== Disadvantages ===

* No depth perception
* Potential discomfort from mismatch between eyes

=== Housings ===
The following monocular housings have been documented on this wiki:

{{#ask:
[[Housing Type::Monocular]]
|format=ul
}}

== Bi-ocular ==
A bi-ocular housing consist of one objective lens, one image intensifier, a beam splitter, and two eyepieces. It is worn in front of both eyes, however providing no depth perception to the user.

=== Advantages ===

* Less expensive than binocular devices (only one image intensifier)
* Less discomfort than monocular devices

=== Disadvantages ===

* No depth perception
* Dimmer image than other types
** Light from phosphor screen is split onto the two eyepieces
** Inherent loss of light from use of mirrors

=== Housings ===
The following bi-ocular housings have been documented on this wiki:

{{#ask:
[[Housing Type::Bi-ocular]]
|format=ul
}}

== Binocular ==
A binocular housing consists of a bridge (sometimes with articulation) connected to two pods. Each pod consists of one objective lens, one image intensifier, and one eyepiece. It is worn in front of both eyes and provides the most natural viewing experience with full depth perception to the user.

=== Advantages ===

* Full depth perception
* Less perceived image noise due to separate image intensifiers for each eye
* Possibility to focus each eye onto different distances at the same time

=== Disadvantages ===

* More expensive than monocular or bi-ocular devices (more optical components, two image intensifiers)
* Heavier than monocular and some bi-ocular devices
* Imperfections in lenses and image intensifiers more noticeable

=== Housings ===
The following binocular housings have been documented on this wiki:

{{#ask:
[[Housing Type::Binocular]]
|format=ul
}}

== Panoramic ==
A true panoramic housing features two fused pods per eye, with one pod pointing forward, and an additional pod pointing sideways at an angle. As such, each side of the housing produces a field of view of two partially overlapping circles. For the user, this means that one half of this shape on one eye will overlap with the other half on the opposite eye, forming one shared field of view with full depth perception, with an additional peripheral field of vision on the left side for the left eye, and on the right side for the right eye.

=== Advantages ===

* All advantages of binocular housings
* Additional peripheral field of view

=== Disadvantages ===

* All disadvantages of binocular housings
* Most expensive (most optical components, four image intensifiers, fused eyepieces)
* Heavier than all other types of housings
=== Housings ===
The following panoramic housings have been documented on this wiki:

{{#ask:
[[Housing Type::Panoramic]]
|format=ul
}}

== Panoramic Binocular ==
[[File:Pano-Bridge-simulated-POV.jpg|alt=Panoramic Binocular Simulation|thumb|A simulation of the view through a panoramic binocular. Only the overlapping section between the two circles will be perceived as 3D, while the rest is 2D.]]
Some binocular housings have the two pods angled outward horizontally by some degrees, either fixed or providing the user with the ability to pan the pods from the traditional binocular configuration.

As a result, the two images that usually overlap to give the user 3D vision shift so only a small portion overlaps, akin to a Venn diagram. This will give the user a wider field of view, usually somewhere around 60-70 degrees instead of the traditional 40 degrees.

=== Advantages ===

* Wider field of vision (requiring less head movement from the user)

=== Disadvantages ===

* Loss of most advantages of binocular systems, like 3D vision and less perceived noise

=== Housings ===
The following binocular panoramic housings have been documented on this wiki:{{#ask:
[[Housing Type::Panoramic Binocular]]
|format=ul
}}

== Notes ==
<references group="Note" />

== Further Reading ==
{{FurtherReading|Description=Study of the Army Research Laboratory|Title=A Comparison of Monocular, Biocular, and Binocular Night Vision Goggles for Traversing Off-road Terrain on Foot|Link=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA294018.pdf}}
[[Category:Technology]]